Model of retinal surface area and neuron distribution in the avian eye.

Changes in retinal neuron distribution may reflect normal or pathological changes in retinal function. The quantitative study of retinal neurons provides a better understanding of anomalous mechanisms, such as those controlling ocular growth and refractive error development in experimental animals. We developed a method to facilitate the quantitative analysis of amacrine neuron populations in wholemount chick retinae, since the domestic chicken is used extensively as an animal model in myopia studies. This method involved automated cell counting from confocal microscopic images and mathematical estimation of total cell numbers based on image cell density and retinal surface areas. Cell densities and cell counts were obtained from immunohistochemically-labeled amacrine neuron populations, using derived formulae to calculate retinal surface area based on vitreous chamber depth, equatorial width, ora serrata diameter and scleral thickness. Normalized total cell counts in each eye were compared, rather than cell densities, since changes in eye growth can affect cell densities. We also compared neuron distribution in central versus peripheral portions of the retina. This is an alternative technique for retinal analysis that supplements traditional anatomical cell counting methods, allowing higher numbers of specimens to be rapidly analyzed.

Neutralizing intraspinal nerve growth factor with a trkA-IgG fusion protein blocks the development of autonomic dysreflexia in a clip-compression model of spinal cord injury.

Increased intraspinal nerve growth factor (NGF) after spinal cord injury (SCI) is detrimental to the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic dysreflexia is a debilitating condition characterized by episodic hypertension, intense headache, and sweating. Experimentally, it is associated with aberrant primary afferent sprouting in the dorsal horn that is nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent. Therapeutic strategies that neutralize NGF may ameliorate initial apoptotic cellular responses to the injury and aberrant afferent plasticity that occurs weeks after the injury. Subsequently, the development of autonomic disorders may be suppressed. We constructed a protein including the extracellular portion of trkA fused to the Fc portion of human IgG and expressed it using a baculovirus system. Binding of our trkA-IgG fusion protein was specific for NGF with a K(d) = 4.26 x 10(-11) M and blocked NGF-dependent neuritogenesis in PC-12 cells. We hypothesized that binding of NGF in the injured cord by our trkA-IgG fusion protein would diminish autonomic dysreflexia. Severe, high thoracic SCI was induced with clip compression and the rats were treated with intrathecal infusions (4 microg/day) of trkA-IgG or control IgG. At 14 days post-SCI, the magnitude of autonomic dysreflexia was assessed. Colon distension increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in control rats by 46 +/- 2 from 96 +/- 5 mmHg. In contrast, MAP of rats treated with trkA-IgG increased by only 30 +/- 2 mmHg. Likewise, the MAP response to cutaneous stimulation was also reduced in rats treated with trkA-IgG (20 +/- 1 vs. 29 +/- 2). In contrast, trkA-IgG treatment had no effect on heart rate responses during colon distension or cutaneous stimulation. These results indicate that treatment with trkA-IgG to block NGF suppresses the development of autonomic dysreflexia after a clinically relevant spinal cord injury.