ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Heterozygous mutations of NR5A1, which encodes steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1), were identified in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) with normal adrenal function. This study was aimed to identify and functionally characterize mutations of NR5A1 in patients with 46,XY DSD. METHODS: This study included 51 patients from 49 unrelated families with 46,XY DSD. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, and direct sequencing of all coding exons and their flanking introns of NR5A1 was performed. Transient transfections and dual-luciferase® reporter assays were performed to evaluate the effect of NR5A1 variants on transcriptional activity. RESULTS: Four of 49 patients (8.2%) harbored a novel heterozygous sequence variant of NR5A1: c.80G>C (p.G26A), c.847T>C (p.C283R), c.1151del (p.L384Rfs*7), and c.1333G>T (p.E445*). They presented with female external genitalia with clitoromegaly in infancy or childhood, or primary amenorrhea in adolescence. In vitro functional studies of SF1 activity determined that each variant, except p.E445*, led to a reduced expression of downstream target genes and disturbed the regulation of gonadal development. CONCLUSIONS: Loss-of-function mutations of NR5A1 are a relatively common cause of 46,XY DSD. Therefore, genetic defects of NR5A1 should be considered as an etiology in subjects with 46,XY DSD without adrenal insufficiency.
Subject(s)
Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/genetics , Sexual Maturation/genetics , Steroidogenic Factor 1/genetics , Adolescent , Adrenal Insufficiency , Amenorrhea/etiology , Animals , COS Cells , Child , Child, Preschool , Chlorocebus aethiops , DNA Mutational Analysis , Exons , Female , Genitalia, Female/pathology , Humans , Introns , Male , Mutation/genetics , Pedigree , PubertySubject(s)
Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase/deficiency , Hepatomegaly/etiology , Hypoglycemia/physiopathology , Kidney/pathology , Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology , Splenomegaly/etiology , Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase/genetics , Dietary Carbohydrates/therapeutic use , Dietary Supplements , Disease Progression , Family Health , Frameshift Mutation , Humans , Hypertrophy , Hypoglycemia/diet therapy , Hypoglycemia/genetics , Hypoglycemia/pathology , Infant , Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diet therapy , Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics , Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology , Male , Mutation, Missense , Republic of Korea , Treatment Outcome , Triglycerides/chemistry , Triglycerides/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Plasma chitotriosidase activity is used for diagnosis and monitoring of Gaucher disease. However, homozygous duplication of a 24 bp region in exon 10 of the chitotriosidase gene (CHIT1) abolishes enzyme activity, limiting its use as a biomarker in Gaucher disease. This study investigates the allele frequency of the 24 bp duplication, in both the general Korean population and in patients with Gaucher disease. Fifteen Korean patients with Gaucher disease and 231 Korean normal individuals were enrolled. Genotyping was performed to identify the 24 bp duplication in exon 10 of CHIT1 using DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes or dried blood spots. Two patients with Gaucher disease (13.3%) had normal plasma chitotriosidase activity, and carried a homozygous 24 bp duplication of exon 10 of the CHIT1 gene. Nine patients were heterozygote carriers (60.0%). Of the normal 231 Korean individuals, heterozygous duplication was detected in 109 individuals (47.2%) and homozygous duplication in 75 (32.5%). The allele frequency was 56.1% (95% confidence interval, 49.4-62.7%). The frequency of the 24 bp duplication was remarkably high in both Korean patients with Gaucher disease and in the normal population, limiting the efficacy of chitotriosidase as a biomarker in Gaucher disease in Korea. New biomarkers are required that consider the genetic characteristics of different populations.
