Subject(s)
Genital Diseases, Male/diagnosis , Hernia, Inguinal/diagnosis , Scrotum/pathology , Aneurysm/diagnosis , Genital Diseases, Male/etiology , Hernia, Inguinal/complications , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Physical Examination/methods , Spermatic Cord Torsion/diagnosis , Testicular Hydrocele/diagnosis , Testis/pathology , Varicocele/diagnosisABSTRACT
This chapter reviews four groups of paediatric brain injury. The pathophysiology of these injuries is discussed to establish which cells are damaged and therefore which cells represent targets for cell replacement. Next, we review potential sources of cellular replacements, including embryonic stem cells, fetal and neonatal neural stem cells and a variety of mesenchymal stem cells. The advantages and disadvantages of each source are discussed. We review published studies to illustrate where stem cell therapies have been evaluated for therapeutic gain and discuss the hurdles that will need to be overcome to achieve therapeutic benefit. Overall, we conclude that children with paediatric brain injuries or inherited genetic disorders that affect the brain are worthy candidates for stem cell therapeutics.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/surgery , Hypoxia, Brain/surgery , Metabolic Diseases/surgery , Stem Cell Transplantation , Adult Stem Cells/transplantation , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Embryonic Stem Cells/transplantation , Fetal Stem Cells/transplantation , Humans , Hypoxia, Brain/physiopathology , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology , Infant, Premature, Diseases/surgery , Metabolic Diseases/physiopathology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Radial glia are among the first cells that develop in the embryonic central nervous system. They are progenitors of glia and neurons but their relationship with restricted precursors that are also derived from neuroepithelia is unclear. To clarify this issue, we analyzed expression of cell type specific markers (BLBP for radial glia, 5A5/E-NCAM for neuronal precursors and A2B5 for glial precursors) on cortical radial glia in vivo and their progeny in vitro. Clones of cortical cells initially expressing only BLBP gave rise to cells that were A2B5+ and eventually lost BLBP expression in vitro. BLBP is expressed in the rat neuroepithelium as early as E12.5 when there is little or no staining for A2B5 and 5A5. In E13.5-15.5 forebrain, A2B5 is spatially restricted co-localizing with a subset of the BLBP+ radial glia. Analysis of cells isolated acutely from embryonic cortices confirmed that BLBP expression could appear without, or together with, A2B5 or 5A5. The numbers of BLBP+/5A5+ cells decreased during neurogenesis while the numbers of BLBP+/A2B5+ cells remained high through the beginning of gliogenesis. The combined results demonstrate that spatially restricted subpopulations of radial glia along the dorsal-ventral axis acquire different markers for neuronal or glial precursors during CNS development.
