Video Interventions for Reducing Health Inequity in Cancer Screening Programmes: a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Health equity can lead to disparities in cancer screening, treatment, and mortality. This systematic review aims to identify and describe interventions that used video or DVD formats to reduce health inequity in cancer screening and review the effectiveness of such interventions in increasing screening rates compared to usual care conditions. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases for randomized control trials (RCTs) published until 18/01/2023 that compared intervention versus usual care control groups, with the percentage of cancer screening uptake during follow-up as an outcome. The risk of Bias was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. RESULTS: After screening 4201 abstracts, 192 full texts were assessed for eligibility and 18 were included that focused on colorectal (n = 9), cervical (n = 5), breast (n = 5), and prostate (n = 1) cancer screening. All were based in the USA except one and most focused on ethnicity/race, while some included low-income populations. Most of the video interventions used to increase cervical cancer screening reported positive results. Studies aimed at increasing mammography uptake were mostly effective only in specific groups of participants, such as low-income or less-educated African American women. Results for colorectal cancer screening were conflicting. Videos that were culturally tailored or used emotive format were generally more effective than information-only videos. CONCLUSIONS: Video interventions to increase cancer screening among populations with low screening uptake show some positive effects, though results are mixed. Interventions that use individual and cultural tailoring of the educational material should be further developed and investigated outside of the USA.

Interactive or tailored digital interventions to increase uptake in cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening to reduce health inequity: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Significant health inequities exist in screening uptake for certain types of cancer. The review question was to identify and describe interactive, tailored digital, computer, and web-based interventions to reduce health inequity in cancer screening and review the effectiveness of such interventions in increasing screening rates versus usual care. METHODS: We searched four medical literature databases for randomized control trials (RCTs) published until 12 January 2023 that evaluated interventions aimed at increasing the percentage of breast, prostate, cervical, or colorectal cancer screening uptake. Meta-analysis was not conducted due to heterogeneity among studies. RESULTS: After screening 4200 titles and abstracts, 17 studies were included. Studies focused on colorectal ( n  = 10), breast ( n  = 4), cervical ( n  = 2), and prostate ( n  = 1) cancer screening. All were based in the USA except two. Most studies focused on ethnicity/race, while some included low-income populations. Intervention types were heterogeneous and used computer programs, apps, or web-based methods to provide tailored or interactive information to participants about screening risks and options. Some studies found positive effects for increasing cancer screening uptake in the intervention groups compared to usual care, but results were heterogeneous. CONCLUSION: Interventions that use individual and cultural tailoring of cancer screening educational material should be further developed and investigated outside of the USA. Designing effective digital intervention strategies, with components that can be adapted to remote delivery may be an important strategy for reducing health inequities in cancer screening during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Interventions to reduce cancer screening inequities: the perspective and role of patients, advocacy groups, and empowerment organizations.

BACKGROUND: Health inequities lead to low rates of cancer screening in certain populations, such as low-income and ethnic minority groups. Different interventions to address this have been developed with mixed results. However, interventions are not always developed in collaboration with the people they target. The aim of our article is to present the viewpoint of patients, survivors, advocates, and lay persons on interventions to increase cancer screening from a health inequity perspective. METHODS: We prepared talking points to guide discussions between coauthors, who included representatives from nine patient and survivor advocacy groups, organizations working for citizen/patient empowerment, and health equity experts. Perspectives and opinions were first collected through video conferencing meetings and a first draft of the paper was prepared. All authors, read through, revised, and discussed the contents to reach an agreement on the final perspectives to be presented. RESULTS: Several themes were identified: it is important to not view screening as a discrete event; barriers underlying an individual's access and willingness to undergo screening span across a continuum; individually tailored interventions are likely to be more effective than a one-size fits-all approach because they may better accommodate the person's personal beliefs, knowledge, behaviors, and preferences; targeting people who are unknown to medical services and largely unreachable is a major challenge; including professional patient advocacy groups and relevant lay persons in the cocreation of interventions at all stages of design, implementation, and evaluation is essential along with relevant stakeholders (healthcare professionals, researchers, local government and community organizations etc). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to address cancer screening inequity currently do not adequately solve the issue, especially from the viewpoint of patients, survivors, and lay persons. Several core pathways should be focused on when designing and implementing interventions: advancing individually tailored interventions; digital tools and social media; peer-based approaches; empowerment; addressing policy and system barriers; better design of interventions; and collaboration, including the involvement of patients and patient advocacy organizations.

Low-molecular-weight-heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in high- and low-risk patients with active cancer: a post hoc analysis of the CLOT Study.

In patients with active cancer and acute venous thromboembolism (VTE), the low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH) dalteparin is more effective than vitamin K antagonist (VKA) in reducing the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (rVTE) without increasing the risk of bleeding. However, the relative benefit of LMWH versus VKA in patients with active cancer at high or low risk of rVTE and bleeding is unclear. This post hoc analysis used data from the CLOT study to explore the efficacy and safety of LMWH versus VKA in preventing recurrent thrombosis in high- and low-risk patients with active cancer. High-risk patients were defined by metastatic disease and/or antineoplastic treatment at baseline; low-risk patients presented with neither. Among high-risk patients, rVTE occurred in 25/318 (8%) (LMWH) versus 53/314 (17%) (VKA) (hazard ratio, 0.44; p = 0.001). No significant difference was detected in the rate of major or any bleeding. The 6-month mortality rate was 40% (LMWH) versus 41% (VKA). In low-risk patients, 2/20 (10%) (LMWH) had rVTE versus 0/24 (0%) (VKA) (hazard ratio, not estimable; p = 0.998). No significant difference was detected in the rate of major or any bleeding. The 6-month mortality rate was 20% (LMWH) versus 29% (VKA). In patients with cancer-associated thrombosis at high risk of rVTE and bleeding, the LMWH dalteparin was more effective than VKA in reducing the risk of rVTE without increasing the risk of bleeding. No difference in rate of rVTE or bleeding was observed between LMWH and VKA among low-risk patients.

Low-molecular-weight heparins for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: A systematic literature review of efficacy and cost-effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer have an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism. Importantly, patients with cancer, who have metastatic disease, renal insufficiency, or are receiving anticancer therapy, have an even higher risk of a recurrent event. Similarly, the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism is higher than the risk of an initial event. To reduce the risk, extended duration of prophylaxis for up to six months with low-molecular-weight heparins such as dalteparin, enoxaparin, nadroparin, and tinzaparin is recommended by international guidelines. In this paper, the clinical and economic literature is reviewed to provide evidenced based recommendations based on clinical benefit and economic value. METHODS: A systematic review of major databases was conducted from January 1996 to October 2016 for randomized controlled trials evaluating the four distinct low-molecular-weight heparins against a vitamin K antagonists control group for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with active cancer. This was then followed by the application of the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence guidance to assess the quality of all trials that met the inclusion criteria. Finally, the cost-effectiveness literature supporting the value proposition of each product was reviewed. RESULTS: Six randomized trials met the inclusion criteria. There were one, two, and three trials that compared dalteparin, tinzaparin, and enoxaparin to a vitamin K antagonists control group. However, there were no trials for nadroparin in the setting of secondary venous thromboembolism prevention. In addition, only the dalteparin and one of the tinzaparin trials were of high quality and adequately powered. Of the two studies, only the dalteparin trial reported a statistically significant benefit in terms of venous thromboembolism absolute risk reduction when compared to a vitamin K antagonists control group (HR = 0.48; p = 0.002). In addition, there was robust pharmacoeconomic data from Canada, the Netherlands, France, and Austria supporting the cost-effectiveness of dalteparin for this indication. There were no such studies for any of the other agents. CONCLUSIONS: The totality of high-quality clinical and cost-effectiveness data supports the use of dalteparin over other low-molecular-weight heparins for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer.

Dalteparin versus vitamin K antagonists for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer and renal impairment: a Canadian pharmacoeconomic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the risk is further elevated after a primary VTE. To reduce the risk of recurrent events, extended prophylaxis with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) is available for use. However, in a large randomized trial (Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer [CLOT]; Lee et al), extended duration dalteparin reduced the relative risk of recurrent VTE by 52% compared to VKA (p=0.002). A recent subgroup analysis of patients with moderate-to-severe renal impairment also revealed lower absolute VTE rates with dalteparin (3% vs. 17%; p=0.011). To measure the economic value of dalteparin as an alternative to VKA, a patient-level cost utility analysis was conducted from a Canadian perspective. METHODS: Resource use data captured during the CLOT trial were extracted and linked to 2015 Canadian unit cost estimates. Health state utilities were then measured using the Time-Trade-Off technique in 24 randomly selected members of the general Canadian public to estimate the gains in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). RESULTS: For the entire CLOT trial population (n=676), the dalteparin group had significantly higher mean costs compared to the VKA group ($Can5,771 vs. $Can2,569; p<0.001). However, the utility assessment revealed that 21 of 24 respondents (88%) selected dalteparin over VKA, with an associated gain of 0.14 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10-0.18) QALYs. When the incremental cost of dalteparin was combined with the QALY gain, dalteparin had a cost of $Can23,100 (95% CI: $Can19,200-$Can25,800) per QALY gained. The analysis in patients with renal impairment suggested even better economic value with the cost per QALY gained being <$14,000. CONCLUSION: Extended duration dalteparin is a cost-effective alternative to VKA for the prevention of recurrent VTE in patients with cancer, especially in those with renal impairment.

Dalteparin or vitamin K antagonists to prevent recurrent venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: a patient-level economic analysis for France and Austria.

BACKGROUND: International guidelines recommend extended duration secondary prophylaxis in cancer patients who develop primary venous thromboembolism (VTE). Agent selection is guided in part by one large randomized trial (i.e., CLOT; Lee et al., N Engl J Med 349:146-53, 2003) which demonstrated that dalteparin reduced the relative risk of recurrence by 52% compared with oral vitamin K antagonists (VKA; HR = 0.48, 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.77). In a subgroup analysis from that same trial, patients with renal impairment also derived benefit with dalteparin (VTE rates = 3% vs. 17%; p = 0.011). To measure the economic value of secondary VTE prophylaxis with dalteparin, a patient-level pharmacoeconomic analysis was conducted from the Austrian and French healthcare system perspectives. METHODS: Chapter 1 Healthcare resource use collected during the CLOT trial was extracted and converted into direct cost estimates. Incremental cost differences between the dalteparin and VKA groups were then combined with health state utilities to measure the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. RESULTS: The dalteparin group had significantly higher costs than the VKA group in both countries (Austria: dalteparin = €2687 vs. VKA = €2012; France: dalteparin = €2053 vs. VKA = €1352: p < 0.001). However, when the incremental costs were combined with the utility gain, dalteparin had a cost of €6600 and €4900 per QALY gained in Austria and France, respectively. The analyses in patients with renal impairment suggested an even better economic profile, with the cost per QALY gained being less than €4000 in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary prophylaxis with dalteparin is a cost-effective alternative to VKA for the prevention of recurrent VTE in patients with cancer.

Economic Analysis Comparing Dalteparin to Vitamin K Antagonists to Prevent Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer Having Renal Impairment.

BACKGROUND: In a randomized trial (ie, Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer [CLOT]) that evaluated secondary prophylaxis of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer, dalteparin reduced the relative risk by 52% compared to oral vitamin K antagonists (VKAs; hazard ratio = 0.48, P = .002). A recent subgroup analysis in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment also revealed lower absolute VTE rates with dalteparin (3% vs 17%; P = .011). To measure the economic value of dalteparin in these populations, a pharmacoeconomic analysis was conducted from the Dutch health-care system perspective. METHODS: Resource utilization data contained within the CLOT trial database were extracted and converted into direct cost estimates. Univariate analysis was then conducted to compare the total cost of therapy between patients randomized to dalteparin or VKA therapy. Health state utilities were then measured in 24 members of the general public using the time trade-off technique. RESULTS: When all of the cost components were combined for the entire population (n = 676), the dalteparin group had significantly higher overall costs than the VKA control group (dalteparin = €2375 vs VKA = €1724; P < .001). However, dalteparin was associated with a gain of 0.14 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10-0.18) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over VKA. When the incremental cost was combined with the utility gain, dalteparin had a cost of €4,697 (95% CI: €3824-€4951) per QALY gained. CONCLUSION: Secondary prophylaxis with dalteparin is a cost-effective alternative to VKA for the prevention of recurrent VTE in patients with cancer.

A post hoc analysis of dalteparin versus oral anticoagulant (VKA) therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism (rVTE) in patients with cancer and renal impairment.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and serious complication in patients with cancer; treatment guidelines recommend extended therapy of ≥6 months with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for treatment and prevention of recurrent VTE (rVTE) in this population. This post hoc analysis used data from the CLOT study-a phase III, randomized, open-label, controlled study (N = 676)-to compare the efficacy and safety of dalteparin, a LMWH, versus vitamin K antagonist (VKA) for prevention of rVTE in patients with cancer and renal impairment (creatinine clearance <60 ml/min). Overall, 162/676 (24 %) patients had renal impairment at baseline. Patients received subcutaneous dalteparin 200 IU/kg once daily during month 1, followed by 150 IU/kg once daily for months 2-6; or VKA once daily for 6 months, with initial overlapping subcutaneous dalteparin 200 IU/kg once daily for ≥5 days until international normalized ratio was 2.0-3.0 for 2 consecutive days. Endpoints included the rates of rVTE (primary) and bleeding events. Overall, fewer dalteparin-treated patients (2/74 [2.7 %]) experienced ≥1 adjudicated symptomatic rVTE compared with VKA-treated patients (15/88 [17.0 %]; hazard ratio = 0.15 [95 % confidence interval 0.03-0.65]; p = 0.01). Bleeding event rates for both treatments were similar (p = 0.47). In summary, compared with VKA, dalteparin significantly reduced risk of rVTE in patients with cancer and renal impairment (p = 0.01) while exhibiting a comparable safety profile. This analysis supports dosing patients with renal impairment in accordance with patients with normal renal function; however, anti-Xa monitoring could be considered to further support safety in selected patients, particularly those with very severe renal impairment.

Immediate reconstruction with an expander/implant following ablatio mammae because of breast cancer : side effects and cosmetic results after adjuvant chest wall radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Timing and sequencing of radiotherapy in the context of allogenous breast reconstruction have not been standardized. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of adjuvant radiotherapy on morbidity and patient satisfaction after allogenous breast reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 33 patients underwent mastectomy between 1999 and 2008 and had immediate breast reconstruction with an expander placement in subpectoral/epipectoral location. 24 patients had adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy with a median dose of 50.4 Gy was given after expander filling and on average 5.2 months prior to placement of the definitive implant. 22 patients with the definitive implant were considered for analysis of capsular fibrosis rate. Questionnaires were sent to all patients to assess cosmetic outcome and satisfaction. RESULTS: Acute adverse effects were comparable to adjuvant radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery, resulting in an erythema rate grade 1/2/3 in 21.2%/66.7%/6.1% of patients, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 24.9 months, 9.1%/18.2%/15.2%/9.1% of patients presented a capsular fibrosis grade 1/2/3/4, respectively. Severe deformation/asymmetry of the reconstructed breast was seen in 27.3%/33.3% of patients, respectively. Of the 22 patients with definitive implant, five (22.7%) lost the implant due to painful capsular fibrosis. Of these 22 patients, 50% were very satisfied or satisfied with the reconstruction result. Overall, 81% of patients would request breast reconstruction again. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant radiotherapy with the use of a subtotally filled expander prior to definitive allogenous breast reconstruction is feasible with acceptable morbidity. An interdisciplinary consultation concerning the cosmetic outcome and potential side effects is absolutely necessary.

Image fusion in dual energy computed tomography: effect on contrast enhancement, signal-to-noise ratio and image quality in computed tomography angiography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different weighting factors on contrast enhancement, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and image quality in image fusion in dual energy computed tomography (DECT) angiography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen patients underwent a CT angiography of the aorta with a SOMATOM Definition Dual Source CT (DSCT; Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) in dual energy mode (DECT) (tube voltage: 80 and 140 kVp; tube current: 297 eff. mA and 70 eff. mA; collimation, 14 x 1.2 mm). Raw data were reconstructed using a soft convolution kernel (D30f). Fused images were calculated using a spectrum of weighting factors (0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.0) generating different ratios between the 80- and 140-kVp images (eg, factor 0.5 corresponds to 50% image information from the 140- and the 80-kVp image). Both CT values and SNR were measured in the descending aorta (levels of celiac trunk, renal arteries, and aortic bifurcation), in the right and left common iliac artery and in paraaortal fat. Image quality was evaluated using a 5-point grading scale. Results were compared using paired t-tests and nonparametric paired Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: Statistically significant increases in mean CT values were seen in vessels when increasing weighting factors were used (all P

Effects of pulsed and sinusoid electromagnetic fields on human chondrocytes cultivated in a collagen matrix.

Although several effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on articular cartilage have been reported in recent studies, the use of EMFs to treat osteoarthritis remains a matter of debate. In an in vitro study, human chondrocytes harvested from osteoarthritic knee joints were released from their surrounding matrix and transferred in defined concentration into a 3D matrix (type-I collagen gel). The cultivation, performed under standard conditions, lasted up to 14 days. During this time, treatment groups were continuously exposed to either sinusoid or pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs). The PEMFs revealed the following characteristics: maximum magnetic flux density of 2 mT, frequency of the bursts of 16.7 Hz with each burst consisting of 20 pulses. Similarly, the sinusoid EMFs also induced a maximum flux density of 2 mT with a frequency of 50 Hz. Control groups consisting of equal number of samples were not exposed to EMF. Immunohistological examinations of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples revealed positive staining for type-II collagen and proteoglycans in the immediate pericellular region with no differences between the two different treatment groups and the control groups. With increasing cultivation time, both type-II collagen and aggrecan gene expression declined, but no significant differences in gene expression were found between the treatment and control groups. In conclusion, using our in vitro setting, we were unable to detect any effects of pulsed and sinusoidal magnetic fields on human adult osteoarthritic chondrocytes.

Lower serum calcium levels are associated with greater calcium hydroxyapatite deposition in native aortic valves of male patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aim was to evaluate the relationship between serum calcium levels and the degree of calcification found in stenotic aortic valves. METHODS: Using atomic absorption spectroscopy, the hydroxyapatite content of 228 excised human stenotic aortic valves was determined and expressed as a percentage of valve mass. Left heart catheterization preceded valve replacement. In addition, serum levels of calcium and creatinine were determined before native calcific aortic valve excision. RESULTS: Valves from male patients contained more hydroxyapatite than those of female patients (26 +/- 9 versus 22 +/- 9 mass%; p < 0.001). Patients presenting with lower serum calcium levels showed a slight trend towards higher levels of valve calcification (r = -0.15, p = 0.026), but this association appeared only within the subgroup of male patients. Male patients with lowest serum calcium levels displayed greatest valvular hydroxyapatite deposition (1st calcium tertiary: 29.5 +/- 8.9 mass% versus 2nd calcium tertiary 26.4 +/- 7.8 mass% versus 3rd calcium tertiary 21.4 +/- 8.9 mass%; n = 122; p = 0.001; r = -0.25; p = 0.006). This association was even more distinct in male patients with normal serum creatinine levels. Furthermore, serum calcium was inversely and significantly associated with serum C-reactive protein in male patients (r = - 0.34; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Serum calcium levels appear to be inversely related to valve calcification in patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis (AS). This finding indicates the importance of systemic calcium metabolism in calcific AS, independent of manifest disorders of calcium metabolism or renal function. Interestingly, this association was evident only in male patients, suggesting a gender-dependent pathogenesis.

Obesity is associated with a slower response to initial phenprocoumon therapy whereas CYP2C9 genotypes are not.

BACKGROUND: Initiation of phenprocoumon therapy is associated with a variable individual response. The CYP2C9 genotype has been shown to influence the response to warfarin therapy, but such an effect on phenprocoumon therapy remains uncertain. METHOD: Two hundred sixty hospital patients started on phenprocoumon were recruited for this study. Body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, dietary habits, comorbidity, and comedication were initially assessed. A 5' exonuclease assay (TaqManR) was used to analyze the presence of five polymorphisms of the CYP2C9 gene in each of the study patients. Study endpoints included the time necessary to achieve the international normalized ratio (INR) target (INR >2) and the total drug amount required to attain target INR. For 250 of 260 patients, the subsequent required daily maintenance dose of phenprocoumon was also recorded. RESULTS: Both the necessary time and total dose required to attain target INR correlated significantly with BMI. The leaner the patient, the shorter the required time interval [BMI <22 (n=31), 5.48+/-2.49 days; BMI 22-25 (n=70), 6.09+/-2.40; BMI 25-30 (n=113), 6.76+/-3.61; BMI >30 (n=46), 8.50+/-5.75; p=0.001] and the lower the required dosage until the therapeutic range was achieved [BMI <22 (n=31), 23.8+/-12.1 mg; BMI 22-25 (n=70), 25.9+/-11.4 mg; BMI 25-30 (n=113), 29.6+/-25.2; BMI >30 (n=46), 35.8+/-19.7; p=0.027]. Overweight and waist circumference as a surrogate marker for abdominal fat were also associated significantly with these two parameters. Moreover, obesity was associated with a lower body-weight-adjusted maintenance dosage. All CYP2C9 genotypes that were tested failed to reveal an association with individual response variability. CONCLUSION: Patient obesity appears to directly correspond to the amount of phenprocoumon required during initiation of therapy. The CYP2C9 genotype was not shown to influence the necessary therapeutic dosage.

Patients with epilepsy: a high-risk population prone to severe burns as a consequence of seizures while showering.

We document the severe burns sustained by three patients with epilepsy who suffered seizures while showering. On the basis of the circumstances of these accidents, we suggest preventative measures to help other patients with epilepsy avoid similar burn injuries. Patient data collected from January 1987 to May 2004 by the Burn Unit of the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Aachen, Germany, were reviewed. Three patients with epileptic disorders were found who suffered severe burn injuries caused by seizures that occurred while showering. Scald location and depth was assessed. Three patients (two women, one man) sustained extensive scald injuries after epileptic seizures while showering. Burn extent ranged from 20% to 35% TBSA. Scalds primarily affected the trunk, legs, arms, and buttocks. Two of the three patients used showers with levers for controlling water temperature. Safety devices for limiting water temperature were absent. All patients used shower cubicles. Patients with epilepsy may sustain serious burns, typically affecting the trunk, legs, arms, and buttocks, when a seizure occurs while showering. We suggest that individuals with epilepsy use showers designed with pirouetting taps, rather than levers, to regulate water temperature. Pirouetting taps are less likely to be shifted out of position during a seizure. We also recommend that epileptic patients have safety devices installed in their water heaters that limit maximum water temperature. Such safety devices prevent scald injury. And, finally, we suggest that people with comparable disorders generally avoid using shower cubicles. Instead, showers with curtains should be used, which may allow occupants to escape from dangerously hot shower water more easily.