Utilization of Screening Mammography in Women Before 50: Cross-Sectional Survey Results from the National Health Interview Survey.

OBJECTIVE: While the American College of Radiology recommends annual screening mammography starting at age 40 years, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that screening mammography in women younger than age 50 years should involve shared- decision making (SDM) between clinicians and patients, considering benefits and potential harms in younger women. Using a nationally representative cross-sectional survey, we aimed to evaluate patient-reported reasons and predictors of screening mammography utilization in this age group. METHODS: Respondents aged 40-49 years from the 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) without a history of breast cancer were included (response rate 64%). Participants reported sociodemographic variables and reasons they did not engage in mammography screening within the last two years. Multiple variable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between sociodemographic characteristics and patient-reported screening mammography use, accounting for complex survey sampling design elements. RESULTS: 1,948 women between the ages of 40-49 years were included. Of this group, (758/1948) 46.6% reported receiving a screening mammogram within the last year, and 1196/1948 (61.4%) reported receiving a screening mammogram within the last two years. The most common reasons for not undergoing screening included: "No reason/never thought about it" 744/1948 (38.2%), "Put it off" 343/1948 (17.6%), "Didn't need it" 331/1948 (16.9%), "Doctor didn't order it" 162/1948 (8.3%), and "I'm too young" 63/1948 (5.3%). Multiple variable analyses demonstrated that lack of health insurance was the strongest predictor of mammography non-engagement (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Deficits in shared- decision-making in women younger than 50 years related to mammography utilization exist. Radiologists may be key in addressing this issue among ambulatory care providers and patients, educating about the benefits and harms of screening younger women, particularly in racial/ethnic minorities and uninsured patients, who experience additional barriers to care and SDM discussions.

Assessing the aquatic hazard of commercial hydrocarbon resins.

Hydrocarbon resins are used to modify polymer products to achieve desired functional properties for a diverse range of products. These complex hydrocarbon-based mixtures are typically poorly soluble in water. However, resins may leach lower-molecular-weight monomers or impurities upon contact with water, thus posing a potential hazard to the aquatic environment. The bioavailability and toxicity of leachable constituents of four solid and three liquid resins were evaluated by analyzing water-accommodated fractions prepared with each resin, using biomimetic solid phase microextraction (SPME) techniques. Liquid resins exhibited concentrations of bioavailable constituents that were sufficiently elevated to cause acute toxicity to the aquatic organism Daphnia magna. All solid resins exhibited lower bioavailable concentrations of leachable constituents that were unlikely to pose an aquatic toxicity concern. Since observed toxicity of both resin types was generally consistent with bioavailable concentrations determined using SPME fiber measurements, it is concluded that this approach provides a convenient in vitro screening tool that can help reduce the use of animal testing in environmental hazard assessment of complex hydrocarbon-based substances.

Cardiovascular responses to propofol and etomidate in long-term instrumented rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cardiac and arterial responses to prescribed doses of propofol and etomidate in rhesus monkeys were compared. METHODS: Intravenously administered induction doses of propofol (2 mg/kg of body weight) or etomidate (1 mg/kg) followed by continuous intravenous infusions of propofol (200 microg/kg/min) or etomidate (100 microg/kg/min) were administered. Left ventricular and right atrial access catheters were implanted for long-term use, along with a transit-time flow probe on the ascending aorta, and pericardial electrocardiogram leads. A dual sensor 3-F micromanometer was used to measure left ventricular pressure and aortic pressure, and an active redirectional transit-time probe measured aortic flow. Noordergraaf's four-element model was used to estimate total peripheral resistance and systemic arterial compliance. RESULTS: Significant (P < 0.01) decreases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and myocardial contractility were accompanied by an increase in systemic arterial compliance associated with propofol and etomidate. Only minimal changes in left ventricular diastolic pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance were found for both drugs. The changes associated with propofol are comparable to results in human beings, whereas the changes associated with etomidate did not agree with results of published human studies. CONCLUSION: The significant cardiovascular alterations associated with both agents were attributed to reductions in heart rate, although the possibility exists that negative inotropic effects may have had a role.

Perceived and actual mathematical competencies of children with visual impairments and learning disabilities.

This study compared 5 visually impaired learning disabled children's perceived and actual mathematical competencies. Analysis indicated that their competencies were significantly different.

Extension of a liquid chromatographic method for N-methylcarbamate pesticides in cattle, swine, and poultry liver.

Liver samples of bovine, swine, and poultry were fortified with 0, 5, 10, and 20 ppb mixed standards of an additional 6 carbamates as part of a method extension study. Each of the 3 species in this study was analyzed 4 times at 0, 5, 10, and 20 ppb fortification levels. The average of 12 recoveries of 6 carbamates at all 3 fortification levels was greater than 90%, with a maximum coefficient of variation less than 18%.

Anatomy and histology of penile deep dorsal vein: venous cushions and proximal "sphincter".

A sphincter-like structure was found at the base of the penis at the division of the crura surrounding the deep dorsal vein and, in instances of paired veins, around both veins. The deep dorsal vein in this anatomic region does not have a clear-cut adventitia or external wall. The venous lumen is stellate in cross sections, with much surrounding smooth muscle, nerve fibers, and connective tissue blending into the penile tissue external to the tunica albuginea. Further microscopic and gross studies of the deep dorsal vein in 10 specimens revealed consistently smooth muscle "polsters" the entire length of the vein, with the fibers directed in a longitudinal fashion. Photomicrographs of this structure are shown, and some theoretical notions about the function of this peculiar-appearing anatomic structure are described.