ABSTRACT
Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the nature of the relationship in vivo is not fully understood. We assess the effect of SB239063AN, a highly selective, orally active, p38 MAPK inhibitor, on Ang II-dependent hypertension, target-organ damage and ROS production. Sprague-Dawley rats and MAPKAP kinase-2 knockout mice were infused with Ang II. Ang II infusion increased the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the heart and aorta. Production of superoxide anion and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91 in the aorta were increased 4- and 5-fold, respectively. In addition, Ang II infusion led to endothelial dysfunction, progressive and sustained hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. Treatment with SB239063AN (800 ppm in the diet) significantly attenuated the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the heart and aorta, reduced superoxide anion generation by 57% (P < 0.01), markedly suppressed gp91 mRNA expression, prevented endothelial dysfunction, and blunted both the hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Ang II-dependent hypertension was also significantly attenuated in MAPKAP kinase-2 knockout mice. The results suggest that Ang II induced hypertension, organ damage, and ROS production are possibly mediated by p38 MAPK and inhibition of p38 MAPK may offer a therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disease.
Subject(s)
Angiotensin II/adverse effects , Enzyme Inhibitors , Hypertension/drug therapy , Imidazoles , Pyrimidines , Superoxides/metabolism , Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects , Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology , Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Carotid Arteries/drug effects , Carotid Arteries/enzymology , Carotid Arteries/metabolism , Echocardiography , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypertension/chemically induced , Hypertension/enzymology , Hypertension/metabolism , Imidazoles/administration & dosage , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Imidazoles/therapeutic use , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Male , Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Myocardium/enzymology , Myocardium/metabolism , NADPH Oxidase 2 , NADPH Oxidases/metabolism , Protein Kinases/genetics , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Vasodilation/drug effects , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/biosynthesisABSTRACT
1 Urotensin-II (U-II) is among the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictors identified and may play a role in the aetiology of essential hypertension. Currently, only one mouse U-II receptor (UT) gene has been cloned. It is postulated that this protein is solely responsible for mediating U-II-induced vasoconstriction. 2 This hypothesis has been investigated in the present study, which assessed basal haemodynamics and vascular reactivity to hU-II in wild-type (UT((+/+))) and UT receptor knockout (UT((-/-))) mice. 3 Basal left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes/pressures, stroke volumes, mean arterial blood pressures, heart rates, cardiac outputs and ejection fractions in UT((+/+)) mice and in UT((-/-)) mice were similar. 4 Relative to UT((+/+)) mouse isolated thoracic aorta, where hU-II was a potent spasmogen (pEC(50)=8.26+/-0.08) that evoked relatively little vasoconstriction (17+/-2% 60 mM KCl), vessels isolated from UT((-/-)) mice did not respond to hU-II. However, in contrast, the superior mesenteric artery isolated from both the genotypes did not contract in the presence of hU-II. Reactivity to unrelated vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine, endothelin-1, KCl) and endothelium-dependent/independent vasodilator agents (carbachol, sodium nitroprusside) was similar in the aorta and superior mesenteric arteries isolated from both the genotypes. 5 The present study is the first to directly link hU-II-induced vasoconstriction with the UT receptor. Deletion of the UT receptor gene results in loss of hU-II contractile action with no 'nonspecific' alterations in vascular reactivity. However, as might be predicted based on the limited contractile efficacy recorded in vitro, the contribution that hU-II and its receptor make to basal systemic haemodynamics appears to be negligible in this species.
