ABSTRACT
The terminology and classification of the Anginosus group streptococci has been inconsistent. We tested the utility of 16S rRNA gene and tuf gene sequencing and conventional biochemical tests for the reliable differentiation of the Anginosus group streptococci. Biochemical testing included Rapid ID 32 Strep, API Strep, Fluo-Card Milleri, Wee-tabs, and Lancefield antigen typing. Altogether, 61 Anginosus group isolates from skin and soft tissue infections and four reference strains were included. Our results showed a good agreement between 16S rRNA gene and tuf gene sequencing. Using the full sequence was less discriminatory than using the first part of the 16S rRNA gene. The three species could not be separated with the API 20 Strep test. Streptococcus intermedius could be differentiated from the other two species by beta-galactosidase (ONPG) and beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase reactions. Rapid ID 32 Strep beta-glucosidase reaction was useful in separating S. anginosus strains from S. constellatus. In conclusion, both 16S rRNA gene and tuf gene sequencing can be used for the reliable identification of the Anginosus group streptococci. S. intermedius can be readily differentiated from the other two species by phenotypic tests; however, 16S rRNA gene or tuf gene sequencing may be needed for separating some strains of S. constellatus from S. anginosus.
Subject(s)
Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Streptococcus anginosus/classification , Streptococcus constellatus/classification , Streptococcus intermedius/classification , Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Humans , Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Skin Diseases, Bacterial/microbiology , Soft Tissue Infections/microbiology , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus anginosus/genetics , Streptococcus anginosus/isolation & purification , Streptococcus anginosus/physiology , Streptococcus constellatus/genetics , Streptococcus constellatus/isolation & purification , Streptococcus constellatus/physiology , Streptococcus intermedius/genetics , Streptococcus intermedius/isolation & purification , Streptococcus intermedius/physiologyABSTRACT
Propranolol in doses up to 520 mg/day was administered to eight patients with organic brain disease characterized by violent and assaultive behavior refractory to conventional treatment. Improvement was demonstrated in the seven patients able to tolerate adequate drug dosages. Hypotension, bradycardia, and interactions with other medications constituted complications.
Subject(s)
Aggression , Neurocognitive Disorders/drug therapy , Propranolol/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neurocognitive Disorders/psychology , Propranolol/adverse effectsABSTRACT
1. The effects of acetylcholine, catecholamines and gastrin on the intracellular content of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in antral circular muscle have been determined. 2. Acetylcholine results in a significant but transient increase in intracellular cyclic GMP. 3. Isoproterenol and norepinephrine increase intracellular cyclic AMP. Based on half-maximal effective doses, isoproterenol is 2.7-times more effective than norepinephrine. The increase in intracellular cyclic AMP by both agents is inhibited by propranolol but not phentolamine, indicating that both agents act on the muscle cell by a beta-receptor-coupled mechanism. 4. Gastrin has no demonstrable effect on either cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. This suggests that while gastrin and acetylcholine can produce a like myoelectric response in the muscle cell, the action of gastrin is mediated by a separate receptor, presumably on the muscle cell, and not by a release of acetylcholine.
