Daily stress encounters: Positive emotion upregulation and depressive symptoms.

When it comes to coping with stress, positive emotion upregulation is of utmost importance. Positive emotions have been suggested to be an important resource during stressful times since people try to create and upregulate pleasant emotional states when feeling stressed. Accordingly, individual differences in the ability to generate and savor positive emotional states could also affect one's skills in dealing with stress. In this regard, an important factor might be depression, which is associated with impaired positive emotion regulation. To disentangle the reciprocal influence between perceived stress and positive emotion upregulation, we conducted an Ecological Momentary Assessment study (n = 92) in which we assessed participants' stress levels and use of positive upregulating strategies (attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation) three times a day over 2 weeks. Results from linear mixed-effects models showed that higher levels of perceived stress at one point predicted increased use of positive upregulating strategies from this point to the next which, in turn, resulted in subsequent diminished stress levels. Interaction analyses indicated that participants with higher depressive symptoms implemented upregulating strategies to a lower extent when experiencing intense stress. Furthermore, attentional deployment was less effective in decreasing stress in individuals higher in depression, whereas the other strategies showed comparable or even higher efficacy. Overall, positive emotion upregulation might be regarded as an adaptive tool that helps cope with stress. This mechanism might be altered in people higher in depression, who specifically struggle to implement positive upregulating strategies during times of stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Too many lemons to make lemonade? Disentangling mental health during the third wave of COVID-19 infections in Spain.

The study aimed to analyze the longitudinal change in mental health during the third wave of COVID-19 infections in Spain. Negative (e.g., emotional distress) and positive (e.g., positive functioning variables) outcomes were analyzed. Protective factors (e.g., resilience) as predictors of psychological adjustment (i.e., positive mental health, openness to the future, and low burden due to COVID-19) after ten months of the pandemic were also examined. The sample consisted of 164 participants, and self-reported questionnaires were administered at the beginning of the lockdown (March 2020), at the end of the lockdown (June 2020), and during the third wave (January 2021). Linear mixed models showed that individuals' emotional distress increased, and positive functioning variables (i.e., meaning in life, gratitude, resilience, and life satisfaction) decreased over time, but an increase was observed in some dimensions of posttraumatic growth. Regression analyses showed that resilience scores at all three data collection time points were significant predictors of positive mental health, openness to the future, and burden during the third wave. Mediation analyses showed that positive mental health and openness to the future were mediators of the effect of resilience on burden. The prolonged situation of the COVID-19 crisis had an important impact on positive and negative mental health. However, resilience may help to build up resources that can act as a buffer against adverse psychological effects.

How technology influences the therapeutic process: evaluation of the patient-therapist relationship in augmented reality exposure therapy and in vivo exposure therapy.

BACKGROUND: New technologies have slowly become a part of psychologists' therapeutic office. However, many therapists still have doubts about the possibility of creating a good therapeutic relationship with patients in the presence of technology. AIMS: This study evaluates the development of the therapeutic alliance in individuals with small animal phobia disorder who were treated with Augmented Reality Exposure Therapy or In Vivo Exposure Therapy. METHOD: Twenty-two participants received an intensive session of cognitive behavioural therapy in either a technology-mediated therapeutic context or in a traditional therapeutic context. RESULTS: The results show no significant difference for the therapeutic alliance between two conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The results seem to show that technologies such as Augmented Reality do not represent a danger to negatively influence the therapeutic alliance.

The therapeutic lamp: treating small-animal phobias.

We all have an irrational fear or two. Some of us get scared by an unexpected visit from a spider in our house; others get nervous when they look down from a high building. Fear is an evolutionary and adaptive function that can promote self-preservation and help us deal with the feared object or situation. However, when this state becomes excessive, it might develop into psychological disorders such as phobias, producing high anxiety and affecting everyday life. The Therapeutic Lamp is an interactive projection-based augmented-reality system for treating small-animal phobias. It aims to increase patient-therapist communication, promote more natural interaction, and improve the patient's engagement in the therapy.

Virtual representations of the self: engaging teenagers in emotional regulation strategies learning.

The aim of this paper is to present digital representations of humans (i.e., avatars) that look like the self, applied to the Mental Health (MH) field. Virtual Representations of the Self (VRS) are in our opinion a tool with a great potential for engaging teenagers in emotional regulation strategies learning and an excellent example of new technology application to the basic concept in psychology field such as Bandura's modeling [1]. VRSs have already demonstrated their potential on human behavior modification (e.g. modification of physical activity; eating habits) in general population [2]. Thus, the same technology can bring in our opinion a lot to the Mental Health field, especially in emotional regulation learning. This paper presents a theoretical background and describes the methodology that we plan to apply in order to validate the efficacy of VRSs in clinical settings. Also, the implications of such technology and future research lines are discussed.

GameTeen: new tools for evaluating and training emotional regulation strategies.

The aim of this paper is to describe GameTeen, a novel instrument for the assessment and training of Emotional Regulation (ER) strategies in adolescent population. These new tools are based on the use of 3D serious games that can be played under different settings. The evolution of ER strategies will be monitored in two ways depending on the setting where the tool is presented. Firstly, in the laboratory, physiological signals and facial expressions of participants will be recorded. Secondly, in real life settings, ecological momentary assessment tools will be used to obtain answers from the subjects using their mobile phone. The goal is to obtain more attractive and reliable tools to evaluate and train ER strategies.

Analysis of distributed-collaborative activity during augmented reality exposure therapy for cockroach phobia.

Recent research presents Augmented Reality Exposure Therapy (ARET) for treatment of phobia of cockroaches as a potentially effective technique. However, to the authors' knowledge no studies have been published concerning the Human-Computer-Interaction issues of such a system. The aim of this paper is to report some preliminary data on how patients, therapists and an Augmented Reality system collaborate and interact during the therapeutic process. The results show that the therapeutic process is distributed between individuals (patient and therapist) and artifacts (e.g. AR cockroaches, a computer screen, a Head Mounted Display (HMD), a keyboard, a swatter and therapists' notes on paper). The results are discussed in terms of possible improvement of the ARET system.