[Effect of tobacco smoke on permeability of capillary of pregnant and non-pregnant rats]. / Wplyw dymu tytoniowego na przepuszczalnosc naczyn wlosowatych ciezarnych i nieciezarnych szczurów.

From among 4200 chemical compounds contained in the tobacco smoke, nicotine and carbon monoxide are responsible for changes in the heart-vessel system to the greatest extent. Additionally, other toxic compounds, including the carcinogenic ones, have a significant impact on the biological activity in the tissues of blood vessels. A particularly complex picture of the detrimental impact of the tobacco smoke is presented in case of pregnant women, fetuses and newborns. The aim of the research was to assess the impact of tobacco smoke on the permeability of capillaries in different tissues of rats (lungs, brain, liver, kidneys) and testing of the potentially protective impact of rutine (3-rutinozide of quercetin). The research on the permeability of capillaries has been carried out applying Evans blue. The animals were divided into 8 research groups: pregnant animals--"control", "rutine", "tobacco smoke", "rutine+tobacco smoke", and non-pregnant animals--"control", "rutine", "tobacco smoke", "rutine+tobacco smoke". In the first stage of research (pregnant, non-pregnant-- groups: "rutine" and "rutine+tobacco smoke"), the water rutine solution in a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight was administered. The non-pregnant and pregnant animals from groups "tobacco smoke" and "rutine+tobacco smoke" were exposed to tobacco smoke via inhalation (1500 mg CO/m3 of air) for 21 days. All the animals were injected with the water Evans blue solution in a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight. After 30 minutes, the animals were killed by cutting the abdominal aorta, and lungs, brain, liver and kidneys were taken for further testing. The cotinine in the urine was determined by the HPLC method, using norephedrine as the internal standard, after the preceding extraction by means of the liquid-liquid technique. The concentration of cotinine in case of non-pregnant and pregnant females was respectively 11.8 +/- 1.9 pg/ml of urine and 12.0 +/- 2.5 microg/ml of urine. In case of the rats, which received the rutine, the concentration of rutine in the group of non-pregnant females was 9.3 +/- 1.0 microg/ml of urine, and in the group of the pregnant ones 8.5 +/- 1.1 microg/ml of urine. In the lungs of non-pregnant animals exposed to tobacco smoke, the decreased permeability of vessels for the albumin-Evans blue complex was proven. The administration of rutine to non-pregnant and pregnant animals did not exert influence on the permeability of vessels in lungs. A similar result was obtained for the lungs of rats receiving the rutine, as well as those exposed to tobacco smoke. In the brain tissue of non-pregnant and pregnant animals, a slight decrease in the content of Evans blue was declared as a consequence of tobacco smoke impact. In the groups receiving the rutine, this flavonoid was declared to influence the blood supply of the brain tissue, and the permeability of the vascular walls. In the liver tissue of animals inhaling the tobacco smoke, the permeability of vascular walls for albumin-Evans blue complex was increased. The rutine did not affect significantly the permeability of vessels, whereas the exposure of pregnant females, which received rutine, to smoke decreased the content of Evans blue in the liver tissue. In the tissues of all tested females, no significant differences between the control groups and groups exposed to tobacco smoke as well as rutine+tobacco smoke were detected. The obtained results do not indicate, however, that in case of chronic exposure to tobacco smoke, the rutine has insignificant protective meaning.

Effect of rutin on total antioxidant status of rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

Exposure to tobacco smoke impairs the antioxidant defense mechanisms. In female Wistar rats fed on regular rodent chow and supplemented with a flavonoids rutin, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was measured as an ABTS-radical cation reduction power in plasma, lungs, liver, brain and kidneys. Exposure to smoke reduced the TEAC values in the liver, brain and kidneys and enhanced antioxidant potential in lungs in comparison to control animals. In plasma no change of TEAC value was observed. Supplementation with rutin increased antioxidant status of plasma, but TEAC was reduced in kidneys, brain and liver of smoke-exposed animals when compared to the matched controls. In lung no change in TEAC was found. The results suggest a complex pattern of influence of tobacco smoke on blood and tissue antioxidant mechanisms. The enrichment of diet with non-nutrient antioxidant rutin did not result in direct improvement of tissue TEAC with the exception of blood plasma.

[Experimental assessment of exposure to the tobacco smoke and its effect on superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities]. / Wplyw stezenia dymu tytoniowego i czasu narazenia na aktywnosc wybranych enzymów antyoksydacyjnych--badania eksperymentalne.

Activities of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in plasma of rats exposed to tobacco smoke (500, 1000 and 1500 mg CO/m3 air in 5 days) and to 1000 mg CO/m3 in 1, 2 and 3 weeks. When compared to controls, the SOD activity was decreased in the exposed animals, the lowest smoke dose gave the most pronounced effect and the highest dose revealed the least diminution. GPx activity was statistically higher in the rats inhaled with the highest smoke dose. Time of exposure did not effect GPx but SOD raised in correlation to week number, although it did not reach control values over the experiment period. The observed alterations in plasma probably mirror the organ adaptation to oxidative stress in animals exposed to tobacco smoke.

[Tobacco smoke effects the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant status in pregnant and non-pregnant animals]. / Wplyw dymu tytoniowego na aktywnosc wybranych enzymów antyoksydacyjnych i calkowita zdolnosc antyoksydacyjna ustroju nieciezarnych i ciezarnych zwierzat.

Total antioxidant status was measured as the reduction of the ABTS radical cation as well as the activities of SOD and GPx in female rats exposed and non-exposed to the cigarette smoke, pregnant and non-pregnant. The assessment was done in lungs, plasma, kidneys, liver and placenta of Wistar rats exposed to the cigarette smoke (1500 mg CO/m3 air) for 21 days. Total antioxidant status was significantly elevated in lungs and plasma of smoke-exposed animals, pregnant and non-pregnant, when compared to the matched controls. In other examined tissues antioxidant capacity was diminished in all tested groups of animals. Activities of SOD and GPx were markedly decreased in tissues of all examined animals. Exposition to the cigarette smoke, despite some changes due to the adaptation to stress, diminishes the antioxidant capacities of the body and in the pregnant animals it may effect the pregnancy outcome.

Relationship between the level and time of exposure to tobacco smoke and urine nicotine and cotinine concentration.

The study attempts to evaluate whether it is possible to determine time and level of exposure of rats to tobacco smoke based on nicotine and cotinine content in urine. The animals were exposed to tobacco smoke by inhalation in a specially designed experimental chambers. The exposure to three different tobacco smoke levels (500, 1000 and 1500 mg CO/m3 of air) lasted 6 h per day, for one, three and five days. Nicotine and cotinine concentrations were measured in daily urine using high performance liquid chromatography procedure developed by the authors. It has been shown that cotinine but not nicotine can be used as a biomarker of time and extent of exposure to tobacco smoke.