Integrating spatial-temporal soundscape mapping with landscape indicators for effective conservation management and planning of a protected area.

Protected areas (PAs) possess generous biodiversity, making them great potential for human and wildlife well-being. Nevertheless, rising anthropogenic sounds may pose a serious challenge and threat to the habitats. Therefore, understanding the acoustic environments of PAs and implementing proper conservation strategies are essential for maintaining species richness within the territory. In this study, we investigate the spatial-temporal variations of soundscape distribution in the Dashanbao Protected Area (DPA) of China, ultimately discussing the planning and management strategies. Firstly, to systematically analyse the spatial-temporal soundscape distribution of the reserve, we generated single and multi-acoustic source maps by classifying geographical, biological, and anthropogenic sounds. In the region, we installed 35 recording points and collected sounds using the synchronic recording method. Secondly, we conducted Spearman correlation analyses to examine the relationships between the sound sources and i) temporal variations, ii) landscape feature indicators. Thirdly, we identified the dominant sound sources in the region and their conflict areas through the cross-analysis module of Grass Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Finally, we provided sound control strategies by discussing landscape indicators and land-use management policies. The results show that even though there is conservation planning in the DPA, anthropogenic sounds dominate in certain parts of the reserve depending on diurnal and seasonal cycles. This reveals deficiencies in the DPA's current planning concerning the soundscape and highlights the effectiveness of spatial-temporal mapping. Additionally, our correlation analyses demonstrate that landscape feature indicators can represent how sound environment is affected by landscape. The patch diversity (PD), landscape shape index (LSI), Shannon's Diversity Index (SHDI), woodland, shrubland, and water distance (WD) were identified as the primary predictors for both biological and anthropogenic sounds. None of the indicators exhibited a significant positive or negative correlation with geological sounds. Consequently, to enhance and conserve the acoustic quality of the region, spatial-temporal mapping with landscape indicators can be employed in the management and planning processes.

Aripiprazole-induced liver injury: a spontaneous reporting database study.

Background: There have been individual case reports of aripiprazole in recent years, both domestically and internationally, but no analysis of the characteristics of the occurrence of adverse reactions/events of drug-induced liver injury with aripiprazole using spontaneous reports has been seen. Methods: Using a retrospective study approach, the 452 adverse reaction/event reports of aripiprazole-induced liver injury collected by the China Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring System from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2016 were analyzed and evaluated, and exploring it's the clinical characteristics and related risk factors for liver injury occurrence. Results: Among 452 cases of aripiprazole-induced liver injury ADR/ADE reports, there were 121 cases classified as serious, accounting for 26.8% of the total. There were 250 male and 202 female patients, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.24:1. The age of patients ranged from 11 to 77 years old, with an average age of (34.56 ± 12.81) years old, and a high proportion of young adults in the total population. Some patients had used the drug off-label or at a higher than recommended dosage. The onset of liver injury was generally within 15-90 days after continuous use, while some patients are also accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and weight gain. 70% of the combined drug instructions listed that may cause liver injury. Conclusion: In clinical practice, healthcare professionals should pay closely attention to the adverse reactions and risk factors of liver injury caused by aripiprazole. If there are potential risk factors for liver injury, early and regular monitoring of liver function should be carried out to reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions.

A novel perspective on the preventive treatment of hydrazine compound-induced liver injury: Isoniazid liver injury as an example.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Anethum graveolens L. (dill), which has been used as a medicine, spice and aromatic plant since ancient times, is not only a traditional Chinese medicines but also an important medicinal and functional food in Europe and Central and South Asia. In ethnomedicine, dill reportedly exerts a protective effect on the liver and has been widely used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of jaundice in the liver and spleen and inflammatory gout diseases in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, studies have found that dill can regulate the NAT2 enzyme, and this plant was thus selected to study its alleviating effect on isoniazid liver injury. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of dill on alleviating liver injury induced by hydrazine compounds represented by isoniazid through the use of network pharmacology combined with in vivo and in vitro experimental verifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, we screened the key targets of dill in the treatment of liver injury through the use of network pharmacology; we then performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses using the DAVID database. We also verified the alleviative and anti-inflammatory effects of dill on isoniazid liver injury in rats by animal experiments. We further investigated the modulating effect of dill on the enzymatic activity of NAT2, a common metabolizing enzyme of hydrazine compounds. RESULTS: A total of 111 key targets were screened through network pharmacology. In vivo experiments showed that dill reduced the amount of inflammatory factors produced by isoniazid, such as IL-10, IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6, restored the levels of ALT, AST, r-GT, AKP and TBA in vivo, and attenuated isoniazid liver injury. Both in vivo and vitro results indicated that dill could regulate the expression of NAT2 enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: The results tentatively demonstrate that dill can alleviate isoniazid liver injury through multiple components, targets and pathways and exerts a regulatory effect on the NAT2 enzyme, and these findings thus provide new ideas for subsequent studies on hydrazide liver injury--reducing the risk of hydrazide-induced liver injury through anti-inflammation and regulation of NAT2 enzymes.

Impacts of Landscape Type, Viewing Distance, and Permeability on Anxiety, Depression, and Stress.

Contact with nature is beneficial for mental health, including anxiety and stress. Exposure to virtual nature also has similar restorative traits with real nature. However, previous studies on the restorative environment mostly focus on ordinary people while caring less about patients with depressive disorders. Thus, the restorative impacts of virtual nature on patients with depression warrant examination. This research aims to study the restorative effects of virtual reality (VR) landscape type, viewing distance, and permeability on anxiety, depression, and stress in patients with depression. Study A revealed that the perceived restorative level of landscape type varies greatly: grassland > forest > water > undergrowth > urban square. Additionally, natural environments with higher openness, more green elements, more blue sky, and more sunshine exposure had higher restorative levels on perceived depression, anxiety, and stress relief. Study B found that the grassland landscape with a higher viewing distance and a medium vegetation edge permeability provides more restorative impacts for patients with depression.

Oxymatrine ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by rebalancing the homeostasis of gut microbiota and reducing blood-brain barrier disruption.

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis can directly or indirectly affect the immune system through the brain-gut axis and play a role in the occurrence and development of Multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxymatrine (OMAT) has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms of MS in the classical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, but whether its therapeutic role is through the correction of gut dysbiosis, is unclear. Methods: The effects of OMAT on intestinal flora and short-chain fatty acids in EAE model mice were evaluated by 16S rRNA sequencing and GC-MS/MS, respectively, and the function change of the blood-brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier was further tested by immunohistochemical staining, Evans Blue leakage detection, and RT-qPCR. Results: The alpha and beta diversity in the feces of EAE mice were significantly different from that of the control group but recovered substantially after OMAT treatment. Besides, the OMAT treatment significantly affected the gut functional profiling and the abundance of genes associated with energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, the immune system, infectious diseases, and the nervous system. OMAT also decreased the levels of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in EAE mice, which are significantly related to the abundance of certain gut microbes and were consistent with the reduced expression of TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1b. Furthermore, OMAT treatment significantly increased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin in the brains and colons of EAE mice and decreased blood-brain barrier permeability. Conclusion: OMAT may alleviate the clinical and pathological symptoms of MS by correcting dysbiosis, restoring gut ecological and functional microenvironment, and inhibiting immune cell-mediated inflammation to remodel the brain-gut axis.

An Observational Study of Park Attributes and Physical Activity in Neighborhood Parks of Shanghai, China.

Evidence shows that neighborhood parks provide opportunities for urban residents to participate in physical activity, but little is known about the space-behavior relationship of physical settings. This study explored the patterns of use in neighborhood parks, and focused particularly on visitors' levels of activity supported by the specific landscape features and attributes. Behavior mapping data, including the users' characteristics, their behaviors and activity levels, and the landscape characteristics, were obtained in three neighborhood parks of Shanghai, China. A total of 6126 park users were documented during the observations, and most of them were involved in sedentary activity. This study found that different environmental settings such as water, plaza, lawn, and architecture supported different types and levels of activity. Although more men than women visited the neighborhood parks, women were more active than men in park-based physical activity. In this Chinese sample, the findings demonstrate behavior mapping is a promising tool to measure park-based physical activity. As this study associated the levels of use with the landscape features, the results are expected to be useful in design practice for promoting regular physical activity.

What factors influence the willingness of protected area communities to relocate? China's ecological relocation policy for Dashanbao Protected Area.

Resettlement of local people from protected areas (PAs) has been regarded as a preferred method to alleviate human disturbance and environmental pressure. Lack of knowledge about local communities' perceptions of resettlement, however, can lead to failed relocation projects and negative impacts on environmental sustainability and livelihoods. To better understand local communities' perception of relocation in PAs, we examine factors that affect local communities' willingness to relocate in Dashanbao Protected Area (DPA), an important location for conservation of the rare Black-necked Crane and the subject of a large-scale relocation policy in China. We surveyed 512 households in DPA and used multiple logistic regression to identify which factors predict local communities' willingness to relocate. Then, we examined how local communities' opinions of different payment for environmental services programs (PES) impacted their willingness to relocate. The results indicated that participation in a PES program for wetland conservation significantly decreases willingness, while distance from scenic spots and roads increases willingness. Furthermore, participants in the PES program for wetlands had a greater positive perception of the benefits from the DPA. Concern about a sustainable livelihood and loss of a sense of belonging represent the two main categories or 'clusters' of reasons explaining unwillingness to relocate. Our results suggest that prior experience with PES programs influences attitudes about relocation, and that integrating the perception of local communities into policy is important to the success of conservation programs relying on relocation. Managers and decision-makers could usefully consider the coupled relationships between sustainable livelihood strategies such as PES, attitudes toward relocation, and conservation benefits when working with communities in PAs toward enhanced livelihoods and conservation.