PTPRO inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe manifestation, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), represent critical clinical syndromes with multifactorial origins, notably stemming from sepsis within intensive care units (ICUs). Despite their high mortality rates, no selective cure is available beside ventilation support. Apoptosis plays a complex and pivotal role in the pathophysiology of acute lung injury. Excessive apoptosis of alveolar epithelial and microvascular endothelial cells can lead to disruption of lung epithelial barrier integrity, impairing the body's ability to exchange blood and gas. At the same time, apoptosis of damaged or dysfunctional cells, including endothelial and epithelial cells, can help maintain tissue integrity and accelerate recovery from organ pro-inflammatory stress. The balance between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic signals in lung injury determines patient outcomes, making the modulation of apoptosis an area of intense research in the quest for more effective therapies. Here we found that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO), a poorly understood receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase, is consistently upregulated in multiple tissue types of mice under septic conditions and in the lung alveolar epithelial cells. PTPRO reduction by its selective short-interfering RNA (siRNA) leads to excessive apoptosis in lung alveolar epithelial cells without affecting cell proliferation. Consistently PTPRO overexpression by a DNA construct attenuates apoptotic signaling induced by LPS. These effects of PTPTO on cellular apoptosis are dependent on an ErbB2/PI3K/Akt/NFκB signaling pathway. Here we revealed a novel regulatory pathway of cellular apoptosis by PTPRO in lung alveolar epithelial cells during sepsis.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 Promotes Phenotypic Modulation via SMAD-4/MCT-4 Axis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine whether bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), which increases in response to intimal hyperplasia, promotes phenotype transition in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS: Balloon injury was used to induce intimal hyperplasia in rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to detect the alteration of vascular structure. Serum levels of BMP-4 and lactate were detected by ELISA. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HA-SMCs) were cultured. Protein and mRNA expression levels were detected through Western blot and real-time PCR. Cell migration was measured by transwell assay. RESULTS: Our data showed that serum concentration of BMP-4 was upregulated after balloon injury. Treatment with BMP-4 inhibitor DMH1 (4-(6-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)quinoline) suppressed the abnormal expression of BMP-4 and inhibited the intimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury. Compared to BMP-4-negative medium, BMP-4-positive medium was associated with higher synthetic VSMC marker expression levels and lower in contractile gene markers in cultured HA-SMCs. Transfection of monocarboxylic acid transporters-4 (MCT-4) siRNA inhibited the excretion of lactate induced by BMP-4. CONCLUSION: Our analyses provided evidence that BMP-4 and its regulator Smad-4 are key regulators in MCT-4-mediated lactate excretion. This indicates that BMP-4 stimulates the phenotypic transition of VSMCs via SMAD-4/MCT-4 signaling pathway.

IL-13 neutralization attenuates carotid artery intimal hyperplasia and increases endothelial cell migration via modulating the JAK-1/STAT-3 signaling pathway.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the concentration of interleukin-13 (IL-13) affects the regulation of endothelial cell migration after injury. The incubation of recombinant human interleukin-13 (rhIL-13) strongly increased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HUVECs via the JAK-1/STAT-3/NOX-4 signaling pathway. Antagonizing the high intracellular ROS that was induced by rhIL-13 promoted the migration of HUVECs. Furthermore, IL-13 neutralization not only inhibited intimal hyperplasia, but also promoted the migration of endothelial cells (ECs) after injury. The results suggest that IL-13 inhibition is a potential means of stimulating endothelial cells recovery after injury. Therefore, the attenuation of IL-13 activation may have therapeutic value for vascular disease.

Environmental decentralization and green development: the mediating role of industrial upgrading.

Green development is a comprehensive concept incorporating environmental protection, playing a vital role in industrial upgrading and economic transformation. Under the current national status of political centralization and fiscal decentralization, decentralized environmental governance exerts a noticeable impact on green development (GTFP). The direct, mediating mechanism, and the spillover effects of environmental decentralization (ED) on GTFP are examined according to 30 Chinese areas dataset from 2005 to 2019. We reveal that a significant negative impact of ED on GTFP. The mediating effect of industrial upgrading is found during impact of ED on GTFP process. Furthermore, with the rising ED of surrounding areas, the GTFP of its region will be weakened. Meanwhile, an overall negative spillover effect of ED on the GTFP of neighboring areas is confirmed. ED in eastern and central China negatively impact GTFP, and such impact in the western area is insignificant. The spillover effects are also heterogeneous.

[CXCL1 induces the contraction of endothelial cytoskeleton and increases permeability in mouse cerebral endothelium bEND.3 cells by promoting protein kinase B phosphorylation].

Objective To investigate the effects of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and its receptor CXCR2 on the cerebral endothelial cytoskeleton rearrangement and permeability in the inflammation of septic encephalopathy. Methods The murine model of septic encephalopathy was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). The levels of TNF-α and CXCL1 in the whole brain tissue were detected by ELISA. The expression of CXCR2 was detected by Western blot analysis after bEND.3 cells were stimulated with 500 ng/mL LPS and 200 ng/mL TNF-α. After treated with CXCL1(150 ng/mL), the changes of endothelial filamentous actin (F-actin) rearrangement in bEND.3 cells were observed by immuno-fluorescence staining. In the cerebral endothelial permeability test, bEND.3 cells were randomly divided into PBS control group, CXCL1 group, and CXCL1 combined with CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 group. Then endothelial transwell permeability assay kit was used to detect the endothelial permeability changes. After stimulated with CXCL1 in bEND.3 cells, Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphorylated-AKT (p-AKT). Results Intraperitoneal injection of LPS significantly increased the levels of TNF-α and CXCL1 in the whole brain. LPS and TNF-α both upregulated the expression of CXCR2 protein in bEND.3 cells. CXCL1 stimulation induced the endothelial cytoskeleton contraction, increased paracellular gap formation and elevated endothelial permeability in bEND.3 cells, which was inhibited by the pretreatment with SB225002(CXCR2 antagonist). Furthermore, CXCL1 stimulation also enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT in bEND.3 cells. Conclusion CXCL1 induces the cytoskeleton contraction and increased permeability through AKT phosphorylation in bEND.3 cells, which can be effectively inhibited by CXCR2 antagonist SB225002.

Blocking of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressed on endothelial cells promoted the recruitment of CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells in atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is involved in the negative regulation of immune responses in a variety of diseases. We evaluated the contribution of PD-L1 to the activation of immune cells that promote atherosclerotic lesion formation and inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Compared to ApoE-/- mice that were provided a high-cholesterol diet in combination with anti-PD-L1 antibody developed a larger lipid burden with more abundant CD8+ T cells. The anti-PD-L1 antibody increased the abundance of CD3+PD-1+, CD8 + PD-1+,CD3+IFN-γ+ and CD8+IFN-γ+ T cell under high-cholesterol diet, as well as the serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a), IFN-γ, PF, GNLY, Gzms B and LTA. Interestingly, the anti-PD-L1 antibody increased the serum level of sPD-L1. In vitro, blocking of PD-L1 on the surface of mouse aortic endothelial cells with anti-PD-L1 antibody stimulated the activation and secretion of cytokines, including IFN-γ, PF, GNLY, Gzms B and LTA, from cytolytic CD8+IFN-γ+ T cell. However, the concentration of sPD-L1 was lower after treatment of the MAECs with anti-PD-L1 antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlighted that blocking of PD-L1 promoted up-regulation of CD8 + IFN-γ + T cell-mediated immune responses, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokine that exacerbated the atherosclerotic burden and promoted inflammation. However, further studies are needed to gain insight into whether PD-L1 activation could be a novel immunotherapy strategy for atherosclerosis.

[Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) promotes phagocytic activity of alveolar epithelial cells via activating AKT signal pathway in LPS induced acute lung injury].

Objective To investigate the effect of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) on the phagocytic activity of alveolar epithelial cells in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Methods Mice were randomly divided into the normal control group and LPS stimulation group. The infiltration of inflammatory cells was detected by HE staining. The cytokine TNF-α level in lung was analyzed by ELISA. Western blotting was performed to detect the effect of LPS on PTPRO protein expression in lung. After the expression of PTPRO in MLE-12 cells was silenced by siRNA in vitro, flow cytometry was used to detect the effects of LPS and PTPRO siRNA on the phagocytic activity of MLE-12 cells, and the effects of LPS and PTPRO siRNA on the expression of PTPRO, AKT and phosphorylated AKT protein were measured by Western blotting. Results After the establishment of murine acute lung injury model by LPS injection(1 mg/kg), the infiltrated polymorphonuclear leukocytes were markedly increased. The level of TNF-α in lung tissue and the expression of PTPRO in MLE-12 cells were both significantly increased after LPS stimulation. However, the activity of MLE-12 cells to phagocytose fluorescent microbeads was evidently decreased after silencing PTPRO. Furthermore, silencing PTPRO induced a remarkable decrease in the phosphorylation of AKT in MLE-12 cells. Conclusion PTPRO can promote phagocytic activity of MLE-12 cells via activating AKT signaling pathway.

Recent advances in CAR-T cells therapy for colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer, with a high mortality rate and a serious impact on people's life and health. In recent years, adoptive chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells therapy has shown well efficacy in the treatment of hematological malignancies, but there are still many problems and challenges in solid tumors such as CRC. For example, the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, the low targeting of CAR-T cells, the short time of CAR-T cells in vivo, and the limited proliferation capacity of CAR-T cells, CAR-T cells can not effectively infiltrate into the tumor and so on. New approaches have been proposed to address these challenges in CRC, and this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of CAR-T cells therapy in CRC.

Activation of Nrf2 modulates protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in THP1-derived macrophages.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection, is one of the leading causes of death globally and poses a threat to public health. During infection, M. tuberculosis causes redox imbalance and dysfunctions of protective immunity. Transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor (Nrf2) is a major modulator of cellular redox homeostasis via transcriptional induction of cytoprotective genes to protect cell against the damage from insults. Thus, we hypothesize that Nrf2 may regulate protective immunity against M. tuberculosis. RNA-seq and immunoblotting results suggested that the expression of Nrf2 protein increased after M. tuberculosis infection, and decreased upon long-term M. tuberculosis infection, while Keap1 protein maintained a low expression level during M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (SFN) decreased proinflammatory cytokines production, phagocytosis and host cell apoptosis, while increasing ROS levels and promoting autophagy in THP1 macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis. In addition, SFN-activated Nrf2 augmented bacterial killing by macrophages, which might be due to the regulation of protective immunity via Nrf2. Combined, our results extend the understanding of the complex innate immunity regulation by Nrf2 against mycobacterial infection. Also, these findings suggested that the regulation of Nrf2 signaling cascade could be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of TB patients and the development of better anti-TB vaccines.

Fault Diagnosis of Power Transformer Based on Time-Shift Multiscale Bubble Entropy and Stochastic Configuration Network.

In order to accurately diagnose the fault type of power transformer, this paper proposes a transformer fault diagnosis method based on the combination of time-shift multiscale bubble entropy (TSMBE) and stochastic configuration network (SCN). Firstly, bubble entropy is introduced to overcome the shortcomings of traditional entropy models that rely too heavily on hyperparameters. Secondly, on the basis of bubble entropy, a tool for measuring signal complexity, TSMBE, is proposed. Then, the TSMBE of the transformer vibration signal is extracted as a fault feature. Finally, the fault feature is inputted into the stochastic configuration network model to achieve an accurate identification of different transformer state signals. The proposed method was applied to real power transformer fault cases, and the research results showed that TSMBE-SCN achieved 99.01%, 99.1%, 99.11%, 99.11%, 99.14% and 99.02% of the diagnostic rates under different folding numbers, respectively, compared with conventional diagnostic models MBE-SCN, TSMSE-SCN, MSE-SCN, TSMDE-SCN and MDE-SCN. This comparison shows that TSMBE-SCN has a strong competitive advantage, which verifies that the proposed method has a good diagnostic effect. This study provides a new method for power transformer fault diagnosis, which has good reference value.

Trichinella spiralis cystatin alleviates polymicrobial sepsis through activating regulatory macrophages.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a life-threateningorgandysfunction caused by the cytokine storm induced by the severe bacterial infection. Excessive inflammatory responses are responsible for the lethal organ damage during the early stage of sepsis. Helminth infection and helminth-derived proteins have been identified to have the ability to immunomodulate the host immune system by reducing inflammation against inflammatory diseases. Trichinella spiralis cystatin (Ts-Cys) is a cysteine protease inhibitor with strong immunomodulatory functions on host immune system. Our previous studies have shown that excretory-secretory proteins of T. spiralis reduced sepsis-induced inflammation and Ts-Cys was able to inhibit macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines. Whether Ts-Cys has a therapeutic effect on polymicrobial sepsis and related immunological mechanism are not yet known. METHODS: Sepsis was induced in BALB/c mice using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), followed by intraperitoneal injection of 15 µg recombinant Ts-Cys (rTs-Cys). The therapeutic effect of rTs-Cys on sepsis was evaluated by observing the 72-hour survival rates of CLP-induced septic mice and the acute injury of lung and kidney through measuring the wet/dry weight ratio of lung, the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) in sera and the tissue section pathology. The potential underlying mechanism was investigated using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by observing the effect of rTs-Cys on LPS-stimulated macrophage polarization. The expression of genes associated with macrophage polarization in BMDMs and tissues of septic mice was measured by Western Blotting and qPCR. RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrated the treatment with rTs-Cys alleviated CLP-induced sepsis in mice with significantly reduced pathological injury in vital organs of lung and kidney and reduced mortality of septic mice. The further study identified that treatment with rTs-Cys promoted macrophage polarization from classically activated macrophage (M1) to alternatively activated macrophage (M2) phenotype via inhibiting TLR2/MyD88 signal pathway and increasing expression of mannose receptor (MR), inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß) and increased regulatory anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-ß) in sera and tissues (lung and kidney) of mice with polymicrobial sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that rTs-Cys had a therapeutic effect on sepsis through activating regulatory macrophages possibly via suppressing TLR2/MyD88 signal pathway. We also identified that rTs-Cys-induced M2 macrophage differentiation was associated with increased expression of MR on the surface of macrophages. Our results underscored the importance of MR in regulating macrophages during the treatment with rTs-Cys, providing another immunological mechanism in which helminths and their derived proteins modulate the host immune system. The findings in this study suggest that rTs-Cys is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.

Multi-Omics Techniques for Soybean Molecular Breeding.

Soybean is a major crop that provides essential protein and oil for food and feed. Since its origin in China over 5000 years ago, soybean has spread throughout the world, becoming the second most important vegetable oil crop and the primary source of plant protein for global consumption. From early domestication and artificial selection through hybridization and ultimately molecular breeding, the history of soybean breeding parallels major advances in plant science throughout the centuries. Now, rapid progress in plant omics is ushering in a new era of precision design breeding, exemplified by the engineering of elite soybean varieties with specific oil compositions to meet various end-use targets. The assembly of soybean reference genomes, made possible by the development of genome sequencing technology and bioinformatics over the past 20 years, was a great step forward in soybean research. It facilitated advances in soybean transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, all of which paved the way for an integrated approach to molecular breeding in soybean. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in omics research, highlight novel findings made possible by omics techniques, note current drawbacks and areas for further research, and suggest that an efficient multi-omics approach may accelerate soybean breeding in the future. This review will be of interest not only to soybean breeders but also to researchers interested in the use of cutting-edge omics technologies for crop research and improvement.

Glaucocalyxin B Attenuates Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth and Cisplatin Resistance In Vitro via Activating Oxidative Stress.

Ovarian cancer is one of the fatal gynecological cancers around the world. Cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapy drug for the clinical treatment of ovarian cancer. However, many patients with ovarian cancer are still suffering from resistance to cisplatin. Therefore, the new drug combinations or treatment strategies for ovarian cancer are urgently needed. Glaucocalyxin B (GLB), a diterpenoid isolated from the aerial parts of Rabdosia japonica, has shown antitumor activity in some tumors. However, the mechanisms by which GLB inhibits ovarian cancer remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that GLB potently inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that GLB has a notably synergistic antitumor effect with cisplatin. Mechanistically, we found that GLB enhances the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin via increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and DNA damage. Interestingly, a synergistic inhibitory effect of GLB with cisplatin was also observed in the cells which were resistance to cisplatin. Together, these data suggest that GLB can sensitize ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by increasing ROS levels.

Isoalantolactone Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Doxorubicin by Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species and DNA Damage.

Colon cancer is one of the most common cancer in the world. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a classical anti-tumor drug which widely used in treatment of cancers, however, high toxicity limited its further clinical application. Thus, it is urgent to find new drugs with low toxicity and high efficiency to treat colon cancer. Isoalantolactone (IATL), an isomeric sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the plant of inula helenium, has been reported to have anti-cancer activity against a variety of cancer cells. However, the function of IATL in colon cancer remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that IATL inhibited colon cancer cell growth by increasing cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Further study showed that ROS accumulation contributed to DNA damage and JNK signaling pathway activation. In addition, we found that IATL markedly enhanced DOX-induced cell cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells. IATL in combination with DOX significantly increased the ROS production, induced DNA damage and activated JNK signaling pathway. Taken together, our data suggested that combined treatment with IATL and DOX may serve as a potential therapeutics for colon cancer.

An unprecedented spike of the electroluminescence turn-on transience from guest-doped OLEDs with strong electron-donating abilities of host carbazole groups.

An unreported unprecedented spike of ∼µs line-width, followed by an overshoot, was discovered at the rising edge of transient electroluminescence (TEL) from guest-doped organic light-emitting diodes with strong electron-donating abilities from the host carbazole groups. By changing the device structures and TEL measurement parameters, a series of experimental results demonstrate that this TEL spike is not related to exciton interactions such as singlet-triplet and triplet-triplet annihilations but originated from the radiative recombination of pre-stored electrons with injected holes. Surprisingly, these pre-stored guest electrons do not come from the energy-level traps in the host-guest systems; instead, the guest molecules receive the electrons transferred from the host carbazole groups due to their strong electron-donating abilities. Moreover, the observed spikes show rich and extraordinary temperature dependences. Based on the detailed understanding of the spike formation mechanism, we have proposed the requirements for the occurrence of spike and realized the artificial adjustments of the spike intensity. For instance, the instantaneous luminescent intensity of this spike can reach over 80 times the magnitude of the TEL plateau. Accordingly, this work deepens the physical understanding of this novel spike in TEL and paves the way for fabricating an electro-optic sensor to detect instantaneous weak current signals.

Compensatory combination of mTOR and TrxR inhibitors to cause oxidative stress and regression of tumors.

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Extensive research over decades has led to the development of therapies that inhibit oncogenic signaling pathways. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of many cancers. Several mTOR inhibitors are approved for the treatment of cancers. However, the anticancer efficacies of mTOR inhibitor monotherapy are still limited. Methods: Western blot was used to detect the expression of indicated molecules. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity in cells was determined by the endpoint insulin reduction assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to analyze precise location and expression of target proteins. Nude mice were used for xenograft tumor models. Results: We identified a synergistic lethal interaction of mTOR and TrxR inhibitors and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of this synergism. We demonstrated that mTOR and TrxR inhibitors cooperated to induce cell death by triggering oxidative stress, which led to activation of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in cancer cells. Remarkably, we found that auranofin (AF) combined with everolimus significantly suppressed tumor growth in HCT116 and SGC-7901 xenograft models with no significant signs of toxicity. Conclusion: Our findings identify a promising therapeutic combination for cancer and has important implications for developing mTOR inhibitor-based combination treatments.

[Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promotes phagocytic activity of mouse BV-2 microglial cells via activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway].

Objective To investigate the effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on the phagocytic activity of mouse BV-2 microglial cells. Methods Western blotting was performed to detect the protein levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the murine brain after the establishment of acute central nervous system inflammation models by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (10 mg/kg). The protein level of IGF-1R on BV-2 microglial cells that had been stimulated by 500 ng/mL LPS for 4, 12 and 24 hours was measured by Western blotting. To assess the phagocytic activity of microglial cells in response to IGF-1, BV-2 microglial cells were stimulated by IGF-1 at different concentrations for 24 hours after pretreated with or without wortmannin (PI3K/AKT signaling pathway blocker), and then incubated with fluorescent microbeads for 2 hours followed by measurement of phagocytosis of the fluorescent microbeads by flow cytometry. After treatment of IGF-1 (50 ng/mL), p-AKT and AKT signaling pathways in the BV-2 microglial cells were detected by Western blotting. Results Intraperitoneal LPS injection caused increased levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in the mouse brain. LPS upregulated the protein expression of IGF-1R on BV-2 microglial cells. The activity of BV-2 microglial cells to phagocytose fluorescent microbeads gradually increased with IGF-1 concentration rising and peaked in the IGF-1 treatment at 50 ng/mL, and gradually decreased thereafter. And IGF-1 induced the phosphorylation of AKT in BV-2 microglial cells. However, after the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was blocked via wortmannin, the effect of IGF-1 on the activity of BV-2 microglial cells to phagocytose fluorescent microbeads was significantly alleviated. Conclusion IGF-1 can promote phagocytic activity of BV-2 cells via activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which suggests a potential role of IGF-1 in regulating the cerebral inflammation.

Trained immunity contributes to the prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, a novel role of autophagy.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is the pathogen which causes tuberculosis (TB), a significant human public health threat. Co-infection of M. tuberculosis and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), emergence of drug resistant M. tuberculosis, and failure to develop highly effective TB vaccines have limited control of the TB epidemic. Trained immunity is an enhanced innate immune response which functions independently of the adaptive/acquired immune system and responds non-specifically to reinfection with invading agents. Recently, several studies have found trained immunity has the capability to control and eliminate M. tuberculosis infection. Over the past decades, however, the consensus was adaptive immunity is the only protective mechanism by which hosts inhibit M. tuberculosis growth. Furthermore, autophagy plays an essential role in the development of trained immunity. Further investigation of trained immunity, M. tuberculosis infection, and the role of autophagy in this process provide new possibilities for vaccine development. In this review, we present the general characteristics of trained immunity and autophagy. We additionally summarize several examples where initiation of trained immunity contributes to the prevention of M. tuberculosis infection and propose future directions for research in this area.

Identifying Key MicroRNAs Targeted by Narenmandula in a Rodent Nephropathy Model.

BACKGROUND: Untreated nephropathy can progress to renal failure. The traditional Mongolian remedy Narenmandula regulates the kidney "yang." This study aimed to identify key microRNAs (miRNAs) targeted by Narenmandula in a rat model of nephropathy. METHODS: Fifteen rats exhibiting normal renal function were randomized to three study arms. Nephropathy was induced in n = 10 rats using doxorubicin hydrochloride, followed by either Narenmandula treatment (treatment group) or no treatment (control group). In n = 5 rats, no doxorubicin was given and renal function remained unchanged (healthy group). Microarray analysis identified miRNAs which were differentially expressed (DE-miRNAs) between groups. Target genes of DE-miRNAs were predicted using miRWalk version 2.0, followed by enrichment analysis using DAVID, and construction of the miRNA coregulatory network using Cytoscape. RESULTS: Nephropathy was successfully induced, with doxorubicin resulting in differential expression of 3645 miRNAs (1324 upregulated and 2321 downregulated). Narenmandula treatment induced differential expression of a total of 159 miRNAs (102 upregulated and 57 downregulated). Upregulated DE-miRNAs (e.g., miR-497-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-181c-5p, and miR-30e-5p) and downregulated DE-miRNAs (e.g., miR-330-3p and miR-214-3p) regulated a high number of target genes. Moreover, the miRNA pairs (e.g., miR-195-5p-miR-497-5p, miR-181a-5p-miR-181c-5p, and miR-30e-5p-miR-30a-5p) coregulated a high number of genes. Enrichment analysis indicated functional synergy between miR-30e-5p-miR-30a-3p, miR-34a-5p-miR-30e-5p, miR-30e-5p-miR-195-3p, and miR-30a-3p-miR-195-3p pairs. CONCLUSION: Narenmandula may modulate doxorubicin-induced nephropathy via targeting miR-497-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-181c-5p, miR-30e-5p, miR-330-3p, miR-214-3p, miR-34a-5p, miR-30a-3p, and miR-30a-5p.

Isodeoxyelephantopin Inactivates Thioredoxin Reductase 1 and Activates ROS-Mediated JNK Signaling Pathway to Exacerbate Cisplatin Effectiveness in Human Colon Cancer Cells.

Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the world. The development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies for patients with colon cancer are urgently needed. Isodeoxyelephantopin (ESI), a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the medicinal plant Elephantopus scaber L., has been reported to exert antitumor effects on several cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of ESI is still elusive. In the present study, we found that ESI potently suppressed cell proliferation in human colon cancer cells. Furthermore, our results showed that ESI treatment markedly increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by inhibiting thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) activity, which leads to activation of the JNK signaling pathway and eventually cell death in HCT116 and RKO cells. Importantly, we found that ESI markedly enhanced cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in HCT116 and RKO cells. Combination of ESI and cisplatin significantly increased the production of ROS, resulting in activation of the JNK signaling pathway in HCT116 and RKO cells. In vivo, we found that ESI combined with cisplatin significantly suppressed tumor growth in HCT116 xenograft models. Together, our study provide a preclinical proof-of-concept for ESI as a potential strategy for colon cancer treatment.