Chinese expert consensus on imaging diagnosis of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major infectious diseases in the world with a high incidence rate. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a key and difficult challenge in the prevention and treatment of TB. Early, rapid, and accurate diagnosis of DR-TB is essential for selecting appropriate and personalized treatment and is an important means of reducing disease transmission and mortality. In recent years, imaging diagnosis of DR-TB has developed rapidly, but there is a lack of consistent understanding. To this end, the Infectious Disease Imaging Group, Infectious Disease Branch, Chinese Research Hospital Association; Infectious Diseases Group of Chinese Medical Association of Radiology; Digital Health Committee of China Association for the Promotion of Science and Technology Industrialization, and other organizations, formed a group of TB experts across China. The conglomerate then considered the Chinese and international diagnosis and treatment status of DR-TB, China's clinical practice, and evidence-based medicine on the methodological requirements of guidelines and standards. After repeated discussion, the expert consensus of imaging diagnosis of DR-PB was proposed. This consensus includes clinical diagnosis and classification of DR-TB, selection of etiology and imaging examination [mainly X-ray and computed tomography (CT)], imaging manifestations, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis. This expert consensus is expected to improve the understanding of the imaging changes of DR-TB, as a starting point for timely detection of suspected DR-TB patients, and can effectively improve the efficiency of clinical diagnosis and achieve the purpose of early diagnosis and treatment of DR-TB.

[Textual research on classical prescriptions in Mongolian medicine].

Mongolians have a long history of using prescriptions, which can be classified into four stages as follows: the germination and experience accumulation stage before the 13 th century, the theoretical formation stage from the 13 th to 16 th century, the rapid development stage from the 17 th to 20 th century, and the leaping development stage from the mid-20 th century to the present. The prescriptions from the ancient classical or representative medical books have always been used by Mongolian physicians for generations, and they are still in use due to the definite curative effects. In 2008, the Notice on Issuing the Supplementary Provisions to the Registration and Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) described that China has attached more importance to the excavation and development of classical prescriptions. As stipulated in the Law of the People's Republic of China on Traditional Chinese Medicine, the classical prescriptions should be those available in ancient TCM classics and still in wide use, with exact curative effects, distinct features, and obvious advantages. This paper expounded the historical formation and development of classical prescriptions in Mongo-lian medicine, introduced the five most influential ancient medical books revealing the formation and development of these classic prescriptions, and traced the origin of such classical prescriptions as Wenguanmu Siwei Decoction, Shouzhangshen Bawei Decoction, Jianghuang Siwei Decoction and summarized the origin, development history and characteristics of classical prescriptions in Mongolian medicine, aiming to provide a reference for their further research and development.

Textual research on classical prescriptions in Mongolian medicine / 中国中药杂志

Mongolians have a long history of using prescriptions, which can be classified into four stages as follows: the germination and experience accumulation stage before the 13 th century, the theoretical formation stage from the 13 th to 16 th century, the rapid development stage from the 17 th to 20 th century, and the leaping development stage from the mid-20 th century to the present. The prescriptions from the ancient classical or representative medical books have always been used by Mongolian physicians for generations, and they are still in use due to the definite curative effects. In 2008, the Notice on Issuing the Supplementary Provisions to the Registration and Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) described that China has attached more importance to the excavation and development of classical prescriptions. As stipulated in the Law of the People's Republic of China on Traditional Chinese Medicine, the classical prescriptions should be those available in ancient TCM classics and still in wide use, with exact curative effects, distinct features, and obvious advantages. This paper expounded the historical formation and development of classical prescriptions in Mongo-lian medicine, introduced the five most influential ancient medical books revealing the formation and development of these classic prescriptions, and traced the origin of such classical prescriptions as Wenguanmu Siwei Decoction, Shouzhangshen Bawei Decoction, Jianghuang Siwei Decoction and summarized the origin, development history and characteristics of classical prescriptions in Mongolian medicine, aiming to provide a reference for their further research and development.

Effects of Sedimentary Type Limonitum on 6-keto-PGF1α，TXB2 and Other Related Indexes and Metal Ions in Blood of Warfarin Hemorrhage Model Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of sedimentary type Limonitum on hemostatic indexes in blood and metal ions in serum of rats with hemorrhage. Method:The hemorrhagic rat models were established by warfarin sodium. The experimental animals were divided into control group，model group，powder group and water decoction group. On day 15 from drug administration， the contents of 6-keto prostaglandin F₁<italic>_α</italic>（6-keto-PGF₁<italic>_α</italic>），thromboxane B₂（TXB₂），arachidonic acid（AA），endothelin 1（ET-1），platelet activating factor（PAF），P-selectin（PS），and Ca²⁺ in the whole blood of rats in each group were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The contents of Na，Mg，K，Ca，Fe，Al，Li，Be，Ti，V，Cr，Mn，Co，Ni，Cu，Zn，As，Sr，Cd，Sn，Sb，Ba，and Pb in serum samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer（ICP-OES） and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. Result:Compared with the model group，the content of 6-keto-PGF₁<italic>_α</italic> was reduced in the powder group and water decoction group （<italic>P</italic><0.05），and the contents of TXB₂，AA，ET-1，PAF，PS，Ca²⁺weresignificantly increased（<italic>P</italic><0.01），with a positive and beneficial regulatory effect. In the powder group， 10 kinds of metal elements in serum of rats were significantly and positively regulated： Na，K，Ca，Fe，Li，Ti，V，Co，Cu，and Zn（<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. In the water decoction group， 10 metal elements with significant positive regulation were as follows： Na，K，Ca，Fe，Li，V，Ni，Cu，Zn，and Sr（<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. In addition，the content of Cr（<italic>P</italic><0.01） in the powder group and Cr（<italic>P</italic><0.01），Pb（<italic>P</italic><0.05） in the water decoction group were significantly reduced. Conclusion:The powder and water decoction of sedimentary type Limonitum had definite and positive intervention effect on warfarin hemorrhage model rats，which could play a coagulation role by enhancing the vasoconstriction ability，promoting the activation of platelets，and increasing the platelet aggregation rate and blood viscosity. The metal elements such as Na，K，Ca，Fe，Li，Ti，V，Co，Cu，Zn，Ni and Sr may be the material basis for sedimentary type Limonitum to exert hemostatic effect. According to the above indicators，the intervention effect of powder group and decoction group was basically the same.

Metabolomics Analysis of Chloriti Lapis on Brain Tissue of PTZ-kindled Epileptic Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the possible mechanism of Chloriti Lapis in the treatment of epilepsy by the metabonomics of brain tissue in pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）-kindled epileptic rats treated with Chloriti Lapis. Method:The epileptic animal model in rats was established by PTZ kindling， and the rats were divided into the control group， model group， carbamazepine group and Chloriti Lapis group. The brain tissue samples were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC/Q-TOF-MS）， and the experimental results were statistically analyzed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） and SPSS 18.0. Result:The metabolic fingerprints and metabolic profiles of the rat brain tissue were established， which showed that the metabolic profiles of each group had changed significantly and could be separated well among the groups. Moreover， the Chloriti Lapis group had a tendency to be closer to the control group than the carbamazepine group. Seven differential metabolites were screened， including phosphatidylserine （PS） （18∶0/18∶0）， <italic>L</italic>-glutamic acid， docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide， arachidonic acid， glucosylsphingosine， cholestane-3，7，12，24，25-pentol and lysophosphatidylcholine （LysoPC） （P-18∶0）. Except for docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide and LysoPC （P-18∶0）， Chloriti Lapis had significant intervening and regulating effects on the other five differential metabolites. There were 12 possible metabolic pathways that affected the metabolic disorder of PTZ-kindled rats， and 3 important metabolic pathways （pathway impact>0.1）， namely， <italic>D-</italic>glutamine and <italic>D-</italic>glutamate metabolism， alanine， aspartate and glutamate metabolism， and arachidonic acid metabolism， among which <italic>D-</italic>glutamine and <italic>D-</italic>glutamate metabolism was the most important metabolic pathways. Conclusion:From this point of view， Chloriti Lapis has a clear intervention effect on PTZ-kindled epileptic rats， which may be related to the intervention of the above differential metabolite contents and related metabolic pathways. It can reduce the toxic effect of excitatory neurotransmitters on neurons in brain tissue and inhibit the development of inflammation in brain tissue， so as to maintain the biological function of brain cells and slow down the occurrence of epilepsy.

Effect of Chloriti Lapis on Metal Elements in Brain and Plasma of PTZ-kindled Epileptic Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of Chloriti Lapis on metal elements in brain tissue and plasma of epileptic rats kindled by pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）， and to explore the possible material basis of Chloriti Lapis. Method:PTZ kindling method was used to establish epileptic rat model. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer （ICP-OES） were used to determine the contents of metal elements in brain tissue and plasma of the blank group， model group， carbamazepine group （0.1 g·kg^-1） and Chloriti Lapis group （2 g·kg^-1）. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software. Result:Compared with the blank group， the contents of Sr， Sb and Ba in brain tissue of rats in the model group were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， while the contents of Zn， Fe， Cu， K， Li， Co， Sn and Pb were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the contents of Zn， Fe， K， Li， Co， As and Pb in brain tissue of rats in the Chloriti Lapis group were obviously increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， while the contents of Sr and Sb were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. These results showed that Chloriti Lapis had positive effect on the regulation of the content of metal elements in rat brain tissue to normal level， the intervention effect was clear， and the overall effect was better than that of carbamazepine group. The determination of 21 metal elements in plasma showed that compared with the blank group， the levels of K， Sr and Cd in the model group were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， and the contents of Li， Al， Ti and Cr were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Compared with the model group， the contents of Ca， K， Li， Al and V in the Chloriti Lapis group were obviously increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， and the contents of Fe， Ti， Sr and Cd were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The correlation analysis of metal elements among the groups showed that there were 17 pairs of elements had positively correlation in the brain tissue of rats， 2 pairs of elements had significant negative correlation. In the plasma of rats， 8 pairs of elements had significant positive correlation and 6 pairs of elements had significant negative correlation. Conclusion:The metal element groups represented by Zn， Fe， K， Li， Co， As， Pb， Sr， Sb， Ca， Al， V， Ti and Cd may be the effective material basis for Chloriti Lapis to interfere PTZ-kindled epileptic model rats， which may be related to the influence of these metal element groups on the release of neurotransmitters and the electrical balance of neurons， the regulation of abnormal synchronous discharge induced by Na⁺， K⁺， Ca²⁺ channel disorders and intervention of metabolism pathways in brain tissue related to epilepsy. It can make the excitatory and inhibitory activities restrain each other， and finally reach the normal physiological state of neurons and cells. The intervention effect of Chloriti Lapis group was better than that of carbamazepine group.

A Rapid Detection Method for On-site Screening of Estazolam in Beverages with Au@Ag Core-shell Nanoparticles Paper-based SERS Substrate.

Estazolam (EST) is a common sedative-hypnotic drug with a risk of abuse. Therefore, rapid on-site detection of EST is necessary to control the abuse of EST. In this paper, a fast, simple, and sensitive method is demonstrated for the detection of EST in both water and beverages, using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) techniques. Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) assembled on the filter paper as a SERS substrate exhibit good applicability and practicality. At the same time, density functional theory (DFT) is used to assign the vibration mode of the EST molecules, which can be used as a guide for subsequent experiments. The lowest detectable concentration of EST in aqueous solution can be as low as 5 mg/L, and signal uniformity is excellent (RSD687 = 5.56%, RSD1000 = 4.35%). In addition, EST components artificially added to orange juice and pomegranate juice can be effectively detected by simple pretreatment with a minimum detection concentration as low as 10 mg/L. Therefore, this study found that the use of Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles paper-based SERS substrate provides a quick and easy method for the detection of illegally added drugs in beverages.

Rapid and Sensitive Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Method for Determination of Ketamine in Urine.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has gradually proved to be a powerful tool with wide applications in various fields. Here, a simple and rapid SERS method was developed for the determination of ketamine in urine based on silver aggregates as a SERS substrate. Ketamine in urine were demonstrated by the SERS technique with silver sol aggregated by a 0.5 M NaBr solution. The limit of detection for ketamine in urine could be obtained as low as 7.5 ppm, and a linear relationship for ketamine in urine between the Raman intensity and the concentrations was achieved in the range from 7.5 to 150 ppm (R2 = 0.977). Additionally, the recovery of this method ranged from 95.7 to 104.9%, which laid a favorable foundation for the rapid and reliable quantitative detection of ketamine in urine. Therefore, this SERS approach with high sensitivity and simplicity has a great prospect for the real-world application of ketamine in urine.

[Rapid identification of constituents of Urtica hyperborea using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS method].

This paper deals with the application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method to rapidly determine and analyze the chemical constituents of methanol extract of Urtica hyperborea. We employed UPLC YMC-Triart C18(2. 1 mm×100 mm,1. 9 µm) column to UPLC analysis with acetonitrile-water(containing 0. 4% formic acid) in gradient as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0. 3 m L·min-1 gradient elution and column temperature was 30℃; the injection volume was 4 µL. ESI ion source was used to ensure the data collected in anegative ion mode. The chemical components of U. hyperborea were identified through retention time,exact relative molecular mass,cleavage fragments of MS/MS and reported data.The results indicated that a total of 31 compounds were identified,including 8 flavonoids,14 phenolic compounds,8 phenylpropanoids(4 coumarins and 4 lignans),and 1 steroidal compound,13 of which were confirmed by comparison. The UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS method could rapid identify the chemical components of U. hyperborea. The above compounds were discovered in U. hyperborea for the first time,which could provide theoretical foundation for further research on the basis of the pharmacodynamics of U. hyperborea.

Rapid identification of constituents of Urtica hyperborea using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS method / 中国中药杂志

This paper deals with the application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method to rapidly determine and analyze the chemical constituents of methanol extract of Urtica hyperborea. We employed UPLC YMC-Triart C18(2. 1 mm×100 mm,1. 9 μm) column to UPLC analysis with acetonitrile-water(containing 0. 4% formic acid) in gradient as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0. 3 m L·min-1 gradient elution and column temperature was 30℃; the injection volume was 4 μL. ESI ion source was used to ensure the data collected in anegative ion mode. The chemical components of U. hyperborea were identified through retention time,exact relative molecular mass,cleavage fragments of MS/MS and reported data.The results indicated that a total of 31 compounds were identified,including 8 flavonoids,14 phenolic compounds,8 phenylpropanoids(4 coumarins and 4 lignans),and 1 steroidal compound,13 of which were confirmed by comparison. The UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS method could rapid identify the chemical components of U. hyperborea. The above compounds were discovered in U. hyperborea for the first time,which could provide theoretical foundation for further research on the basis of the pharmacodynamics of U. hyperborea.

Detection and Quantification of Bucinnazine Hydrochloride Injection Based on SERS Technology.

In this investigation, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology was performed to detect bucinnazine hydrochloride (BH) injection in water and urine. The theoretical Raman spectrum of BH with characteristic peaks was calculated and identified by density functional theory (DFT). Employing an improved silver sol as a SERS active substrate, the SERS spectra of a BH solution with different concentrations were acquired with a 0.5 mol/L KI solution as an aggregation agent. It was determined that the limit of detection (LOD) was low, to 0.01 µg/mL. A good linear relationship of BH between the Raman intensity and the concentrations was obtained in water at a concentration range from 0.5 to 6 µg/mL (R2 = 0.9914), which laid a favorable foundation for quantitative analysis. In addition, the recovery rate of spiked samples from 95.13 to 120.54% were calculated. Finally, the detection of BH injection in artificial urine was completed and the detection limit could reach 0.5 µg/mL, which met the requirements of a rapid on-site detection of drugs in urine. As a result, it indicates that the inspection of BH by the SERS method is with simplicity and high sensitivity, having a great potential for real-time detection.

Detection of Scopolamine Hydrobromide via Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to measure scopolamine hydrobromide. First, the Raman characteristic peaks of scopolamine hydrobromide were assigned, and the characteristic peaks were determined. The optimal aggregation agent was potassium iodide based on a comparative experimental study. Finally, the SERS spectrum of scopolamine hydrobromide was detected in aqueous solution, and the semi-quantitative analysis and the recovery rate were determined via a linear fitting. The detection limit of scopolamine hydrobromide in aqueous solution was 0.5 µg/mL. From 0 - 10 µg/mL, the curve of the intensity of the Raman characteristic peak of scopolamine hydrobromide at 1002 cm-1 is y = 4017.76 + 642.47x. The correlation coefficient was R2 = 0.983, the recovery was 98.5 - 109.7%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was about 5.5%. This method is fast, accurate, non-destructive and simple for the detection of scopolamine hydrobromide.

Rapid Detection of Diazepam Injection Based on Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Diazepam injection was detected based on a droplet surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform, which overcomes the disadvantages of the poor uniformity and time-consuming sample treatment process of the conventional "drop and dry" detection strategy. The Raman peak positions of diazepam injection were determined and identified, they are mainly located in the 689, 1002, 1170 and 1598 cm-1, etc. Different concentrations of diazepam injection were detected. It was found that the intensity of 1002 cm-1 increases linearly with concentration in the range from 0.05 to 10 µg/mL and the linear correlation coefficient is 0.988. The limit of detection can reach 0.05 µg/mL. The SERS method is easy, fast and efficient. The results are accurate and reliable. It has favorable application potential in the detection of diazepam injection.

Chemical constituents from Hosta plantaginea flowers / 中成药

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers.METHODS The aqueous extract of H.plantaginea was isolated and purified by Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1),4-hydroxylacetophenone (2),5,7-dimethoxy-8-rnethyl-4'-hydroxyflavan (3),5,7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavan (4),epicatechin (5),catechin (6),epigallocatechin (7),gallocatechin (8),coumaric acid (9),phenethyl-O-β-D-glucoside (10),acetophenone-4-O-β-D-glucoside (11),2-hydroxyl-6-methoxyacetophenone-4-O-β-D-glucoside (12),3,4-dihydroxycinnamyl alcohol-3-O-glucoside (13).CONCLUSION All the compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Fabrication of transparent SERS platform via interface self-assembly of gold nanorods and gel trapping technique for on-site real time detection.

A transparent SERS platform was fabricated via the gel-trapping method coupled with a liquid/liquid interface self-assembly technique. We employed gold nanorods as the building blocks for interface self-assembly because of their strong localized surface plasmons upon excitation by infrared radiation. Based on a "top cover" configuration, this transparent SERS platform endows high signal reproducibility for directly detecting liquid samples by confining the sample droplet into a regular shape. The Au NR PDMS platform was able to directly detect crystal violet in aqueous solutions down to 10 ppb level with high enhancement factor (0.87 × 10(5)) and signal uniformity (RSD = 3.9%). Furthermore, SERS-based anti-fungal agent detection on a fish scale was demonstrated by simply covering the fish scale with a tailored GNRs PDMS film. The experimental results clearly show that the Au NR PDMS SERS platform has great potential for on-site real time detection of contaminants in water as well as on curved surfaces.

Lignans from Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. Var. alashanensis.

Two new lignans, syripinnalignans A and B (1 and 2), together with two known lignans, were isolated from the stem of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. Var. alashanensis. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

Two new flavonoid glycosides from Artemisia frigida Willd.

An investigation of the n-BuOH-soluble fraction from the aerial parts of Artemisia frigida has led to the isolation of two new flavonoid glycosides, named friginoside A and friginoside B. Their structures were characterized as 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxy flavone 7-O-ß-d-glucuronide (1) and 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone 7-O-ß-d-glucuronyl-(1 â†’ 2)O-ß-d-glucuronide (2) on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.

[Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against human DcR3].

AIM: To prepare monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) against human DcR3 and identify their characterization. METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized with purified His-DcR3 protein, and mAbs against DcR3 which prepared by hybridoma technique were purified and identified by their specificity, subtype, titers via ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS: Five hybridoma cell lines secreting mAbs against human DcR3 were obtained, which were determined as IgG1 subtype and ascites titers of five mAbs against DcR3 reached 1x10(-5)-1x10(-7). Five mAbs were proved to recognize His-DcR3 protein specifically, one of which (1B1) could recognize SW480 cell. CONCLUSION: mAbs against DcR3 with high titers and specificity have been prepared and purified successfully, which laid a foundation for the study of DcR3 expression, distribution in tissu and development of ELISA kit.