Smart Bandage Based on a ZIF-8 Triboelectric Nanogenerator for In Situ Real-Time Monitoring of Drug Concentration.

For chronic wounds, frequent replacement of bandages not only increases the likelihood of secondary damage and the risk of cross infection but also wastes medication. Therefore, in situ real-time monitoring of the concentrations of residual drugs in bandages is crucial. Here, we propose a novel strategy that combines a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with medical bandages to develop a smart bandage based on zeolite imidazolate framework TENG. During the process of wound healing, the electrical output of TENG changes with the continuous release of drugs. Based on the correlation between the electrical signal of TENG and drug concentration, the concentration of residual drugs in the bandage can be monitored in real-time in situ, guiding medical staff to replace the bandage at the most appropriate time. The smart bandage based on TENG provides a new strategy for in situ real-time monitoring of drug concentration and also provides an ideal and feasible solution for the field of biomedical drug sensing.

A potential immunotherapy target for breast cancer: parenchymal and immune-stromal expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

BACKGROUND: The NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain­containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a critical component of the innate immune system. It has been known to play an important role in the carcinogenesis and prognosis of breast cancer patients. While the clinical evidence of the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome activation and long-term survival is still limited, the possible roles of parenchymal or immune-stromal cells of breast cancer tissues in contributing to such carcinogenesis and progression still need to be clarified. This study is an analysis of patients receiving breast cancer surgery in a previous clinical trial. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway-related proteins, including NLRP3, caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), IL-1ß, and IL-18, in parenchymal and immune-stromal cells of breast cancer tissues compared to those of adjacent normal tissues, respectively. The relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome expression and clinicopathological characteristics, as well as 5-year survivals were analyzed using the Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: In the parenchymal cells, ASC and IL-18 protein levels were significantly up-regulated in breast cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05). In the immune-stromal cells, all the five NLRP3 inflammasome pathway-related proteins were significantly elevated in breast cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.05). Carcinoma cell embolus was found to significantly correlate with high NLRP3 expression in parenchymal cells of the tumor (x2=4.592, P=0.032), while the expression of caspase-1 was negatively correlated with tumor progression. Histological grades were found to have a positive correlation with IL-18 expression in immune-stromal cells of the tumor (x2=14.808, P=0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that high IL-18 expression in the immune-stromal cells and the positive carcinoma cell embolus were both associated with poor survival (P < 0.05). The multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model implied that the high IL-18 expression and positive carcinoma cell embolus were both independent risk factors for unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pathways in immune-stromal and tumor parenchymal cells in the innate immune system was not isotropic and the main functions are somewhat different in breast cancer patients. Caspase-1 in parenchymal cells of the tumor was negatively correlated with tumor progression, and upregulation of IL-18 in immune-stromal cells of breast cancer tissues is a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential immunotherapy target. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This clinical trial has been registered at the Chictr.org.cn registry system on 21/08/2018 (ChiCTR1800017910).

A multi-agent model of traffic simulation around urban scenic spots: From the perspective of tourist behaviors.

This paper proposes a multi-agent model to simulate the traffic around urban scenic spots within tourist cities, where a newly added tourist agent is involved. Due to the flexible nature of tour travel demand and the impact of the real-time information of mobile application on tourist behaviors, there is an interactive process between tourists' travel behaviors and traffic state around scenic spots. To validate the proposed model, a case study of the Yanwu Road section at the Qunxian Gate of Xiamen University is conducted. According to the proposed model, the influence of tourist behaviors on the traffic states can be obtained, specifically, the threshold of tourist flow that triggers changes in traffic states can be obtained. This valuable information empowers policymakers to strategically manage tourist flows and mitigate traffic congestion around scenic spots. This means that this research also provides a novel and innovative approach for traffic management demand.

Construction and analysis of circular RNA-associated competing endogenous RNA network in the hippocampus of aged mice for the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

Circular RNAs are highly stable single-stranded circular RNAs and enriched in the brain. Previous studies showed that circRNAs, as part of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) network, play an important role in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. However, the mechanism of circRNA-related ceRNA networks in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has not been elucidated yet. POCD usually occurs in elderly patients and is characterized by hippocampal dysfunction. Here, aged C57BL/6 mice were subjected to exploratory laparotomy under sevoflurane anesthesia, and this POCD model was verified by Morris water maze test. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed on the hippocampus of control group (Con) and surgery group. One hundred and seventy-seven DEcircRNAs, 221 DEmiRNAs and 2,052 DEmRNAs were identified between two groups. A ceRNA network was established with 92 DEcircRNAs having binding sites with 76 DEmiRNAs and 549 target DEmRNAs. In functional enrichment analysis, a pathological pattern of POCD was highlighted in the ceRNA network: Abnormal metabolic process in neural cells, including oxygen metabolism, could promote apoptosis and then affect the synaptic function, which may undermine the neural plasticity and eventually lead to changes in cognitive function and other behavioral patterns. In conclusion, this specific ceRNA network of circRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs has provided novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of POCD and revealed potential therapeutic gene targets.

Role of Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signal transduction pathway in protection of dexmedetomidine preconditioning against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role and mechanism of the Kelch sample related protein-1-nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Keap1-Nrf2/ARE) signaling pathway in protection of dexmedetomidine (DEX) preconditioning against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). METHODS: A total of 70 male SD rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups (n=10): blank control (S group), ischemia/reperfusion injury (C group), DEX preconditioning (DEX group), tertiary butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) control (tBHQ group), combined tBHQ and DEX preconditioning (tBHQ+DEX group), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) control (ATRA group), and combined ATRA and DEX preconditioning (ATRA+DEX group). Serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were measured by ELISA kits, and the infarct size (IS) was assessed by Evan's blue and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Oxidative stress was assessed through Western blotting for expression of Keap1-Nrf2/ARE pathway members and oxidative stress markers. RESULTS: Cardioprotection of DEX, tBHQ, and tBHQ+DEX preconditioning treatments were shown as lower concentrations of serum CK-MB and cTnI and a smaller IS following MIRI in rats compared with those of MIRI rats without pre-treatment. In addition, tBHQ+DEX preconditioning exhibited stronger myocardial protection compared with DEX preconditioning. Mechanistically, the cardioprotection offered by DEX, tBHQ, and tBHQ+DEX preconditioning treatments was mediated via exerting antioxidant stress through activation of the Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signal transduction pathway. Conversely, the protective effects of DEX were diminished by blocking the Keap1-Nrf2/ARE pathway with inhibitor ATRA. CONCLUSION: DEX preconditioning protects against MIRI by exerting antioxidant stress through activation of the Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signal transduction pathway, while inhibition of the Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signal transduction pathway reverses the protective effect of DEX preconditioning on MIRI.

Comparison of biochemical composition of commercial sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus and Parastichopus californicus, under the same culture conditions.

BACKGROUND: Apostichopus japonicus and Parastichopus californicus are two of the most important and profitable commercial sea cucumbers along the North Pacific coast. This study compared the body wall production rate (BWPR), proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid, trace element and vitamin composition, and nonspecific immune enzyme activities of A. japonicus and P. californicus cultured in an artificial pond. RESULTS: The BWPR, crude fat and ash content in the body walls of A. japonicus and P. californicus showed remarkable differences (P < 0.05). For the 18 amino acids tested, differences in the contents of 15 were significant (P < 0.05) between the two species, except for threonine, methionine and histidine, and their first limiting amino acids were both methionine+cysteine. There were seven saturated and ten unsaturated fatty acids in their body walls, and except for 18:1 and 20:1, the content differences of the other 15 fatty acids were all significant (P < 0.05). Furthermore, between the two sea cucumbers, differences in the content of seven trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Se) and six vitamins (B1, B3, B5, B9, C, E) were significant (P < 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) also showed distinct differences (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There are greater differences in the biochemical compositions and contents between A. japonicus and P. californicus, each with its own unique quality advantages. A. japonicus and P. californicus have high nutritional value, which are both the superior sea cucumbers. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Differentially expressed genes in head kidney of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco following Vibrio cholerae challenge.

The yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is a freshwater fish with high economic value in eastern China. Nevertheless, pathogens causing bacterial diseases in P. fulvidraco have brought about huge economic loss and high mortality in artificial aquaculture. For disease control, it is critical to further understand the immune system of yellow catfish and immune-related genes with which they respond to pathogenic infections. In this study, high-throughput sequencing methods were used to analyze the transcriptomic spectrum of the head kidney from P. fulvidraco challenged by Vibrio cholera. A total of 45,544 unique transcript fragments (unigenes) were acquired after assembly and annotation, with an average length of 1,373 bp. Additionally, 674 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after stimulation with V. cholerae, 353 and 321 genes were identified as remarkably up- or downregulated, respectively. To further study the immune-related DEGs, we performed KEGG enrichment and GO enrichment. The results showed gene regulation of response to stimulus, immune response, immune system progress, response to external stimuli and cellular response to stimuli. Analysis of KEGG enrichment is important to identify chief immune related pathways. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated 10 immune response genes that were found to be upregulated compared to a control group after 6 h of V. cholerae challenging. In summary, the results of our study are helpful to determine the defense mechanisms and immune system responses of yellow catfish in reaction to bacterial challenges.

Effects of dezocine on morphine tolerance and opioid receptor expression in a rat model of bone cancer pain.

BACKGROUND: Clinically, the coadministration of opioids to enhance antinociception and decrease tolerance has attracted increasing research attention. We investigated the effects of dezocine, a mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonist/antagonist, on morphine tolerance and explored the involvement of opioid receptor expression in a rat model of bone cancer pain. METHODS: Thermal nociceptive thresholds were measured after the subcutaneous injection of morphine (10 mg/kg) alone or combined with dezocine (10 or 1 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis were used to examine opioid receptor expression in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and spinal cord. RESULTS: The analgesic effect was significantly decreased after 4 days of morphine administration. We observed that low-dose dezocine significantly attenuated morphine tolerance without reducing the analgesic effect of morphine. Low-dose dezocine coadministration significantly reversed the downregulated expression of mu (MOR) and delta (DOR) opioid receptors in the PAG and the upregulated expression of kappa (KOR) and DOR in the spinal cord induced by morphine. Moreover, low-dose dezocine coadministered with morphine significantly inhibited KOR expression in both the PAG and spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of low-dose dezocine with morphine may prevent or delay the development of morphine tolerance in a rat model of bone cancer pain. The regulation of opioid receptor expression in the PAG and spinal cord may be part of the mechanism.

Donepezil prevents morphine tolerance by regulating N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, protein kinase C and CaM-dependent kinase II expression in rats.

Current studies have indicated that donepezil as a cholinesterase inhibitor can attenuate morphine-induced tolerance. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), protein kinase C (PKC) and CaM-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways in this effect. Female Wistar rats received daily morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in combination with donepezil (1.5 or 2 mg/kg, gavaged) for 14 days. The analgesic effect was assessed by Von-frey, hotplate and tail flick test. On the 15th day, the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and lumbar spinal cord of rats were dissected. Then, protein levels of NMDAR-NR1, NR2B, PKCγ and CaMKIIα were tested using Western blot method. The results showed that morphine tolerance was seen after 8-10 days of injection compared with control group, while daily co-administration of donepezil with morphine prolonged the occurrence of analgesic tolerance. Western blot showed that morphine significantly increased NR1, PKCγ and CaMKIIα expressions in PAG, and significantly increased PKCγ and CaMKIIα in spinal cord. In contrast, donepezil downregulated NR1 and PKCγ in PAG, and downregulated PKCγ and CaMKIIα in spinal cord. Moreover, donepezil alone activates NR1 and NR2B in spinal cord, which needs to be further studied. Thus, the present results suggest that the attenuation effects of donepezil on morphine tolerance are possibly mediated by preventing morphine-induced upregulations in NR1, PKCγ and CaMKIIα expressions.

Donepezil attenuates the development of morphine tolerance in rats with cancer-induced bone pain: The role of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP), which is associated with poor quality of life, is most commonly treated using opioids. However, long-term use of morphine for analgesia induces tolerance and can diminish the treatment's effectiveness. The mechanisms that underlie morphine tolerance have been reported to be related to the inflammation of the nervous system and hyperactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Donepezil is an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drug that is thought to alleviate morphine tolerance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of three different dosages of donepezil (1, 1.5 and 2 mg/kg) on morphine tolerance in rats with CIBP, and the possible involvement of donepezil-mediated NMDAR subunit 1 (NR1). We found that donepezil can prolong the analgesic efficacy of morphine and delay the development of chronic morphine tolerance. Furthermore, continuous morphine injection increased the expression of NR1, and this was suppressed by co-administration with donepezil using both western blotting and immunofluorescence. Our findings demonstrate that donepezil has the potential to attenuate morphine tolerance, possibly by inhibiting NR1 activity in the cortex.

Effects of anesthetic technique and surgery on myeloid-derived suppressor cells and prognosis in women who underwent breast cancer surgery: a prospective study.

Background: Surgery and anesthesia-induced immunosuppression may play a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are highly immunosuppressive myeloid cells, closely linked with tumor staging, clinical therapeutic efficacy and prognosis. This study aims to investigate the effect of anesthetic technique and surgery on the expression of MDSCs and prognosis in women who received breast cancer surgery. Methods: From March 2016 to January 2017, a total of 80 patients with breast cancer were prospectively enrolled and randomized into two anesthetic groups: sevoflurane-based anesthetic group (SEV; n=38) and propofol-based total intravenous anesthetic group (TIVA; n=42). The expression of MDSCs and prognosis between different anesthetic techniques and stresses of surgical methods were compared. The primary endpoint is the postoperative expression of MDSCs and prognosis between SEV and TIVA groups. The secondary endpoint is the VAS scores at 24 hr post-operation between SEV and TIVA groups. Results: There was no significant difference in postoperative expression of MDSCs (P=0.202) and prognosis (P=0.138) between SEV and TIVA groups. Compared to breast-conserving surgery (BCS), patients who underwent breast mastectomy had significantly fewer MDSCs (P=0.040) and lower VAS score at 24 hr post-operation (P=0.044), while no significant difference in prognosis was found (P=0.953). When MDSCs were classified as subtypes of granulocytic/polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs and monocytic (Mo)-MDSCs, it showed higher ratio of Mo-MDSCs (P=0.018) or lower ratio of (PMN)-MDSCs (P=0.022) correlates to later tumor stage. Conclusion: Sevoflurane and propofol-based anesthesia do not show significant difference in MDSCs expression and prognosis after breast cancer surgery. Compared to BCS, although mastectomy with high extent of surgical stress exhibits lower levels of MDSCs, there is no significant difference in prognosis. The ratio of MDSCs subtype correlates to tumor stage.

Risk factors for anastomotic leakage following esophagectomy: Impact of thoracic epidural analgesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of common complications after esophageal cancer surgery. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is often recommended in patients undergoing esophagectomy. However, the impact of TEA on AL is still controversial. Thus, we conducted this study to evaluate the effect of TEA on the occurrence of AL and identify risk factors for the development of AL following esophagectomy. METHODS: Our retrospective study identified patients who underwent elective esophagectomy between July 2013 and July 2016. Univariate and multivariate logistics analyses and propensity score matching analysis were conducted to identify the risk factors for AL occurring within 30 days after operation. RESULTS: Overall 30-day AL was 7.9%. Multivariate analysis revealed that surgical procedure (Sweet: referent; Ivor-Lewis: OR 2.854; 95%CI 1.726-4.718; Three-incision: OR 4.837; 95%CI 3.457-6.768) and surgeon (high-volume: referent; low-volume: OR 1.740; 95%CI 1.269-2.384) were independent risk factors for AL after esophagectomy. No statistically significant difference was observed in the incidences of AL between the epidural analgesia group and the intravenous analgesia group either before or after propensity score matching (9.1% vs 7.7%, P = 0.359; 8.3% vs 9.2%, P = 0.683). CONCLUSIONS: TEA does not affect the AL risk after esophagectomy.

Is propofol injection pain really important to patients?

BACKGROUND: Propofol injection pain (PIP) has been adequately studied during the past decades. However, patients' opinion on this problem and the incidence of patients' recall of this brief discomfort are still unknown. Thus, we conducted this study to know the patients' perspectives on PIP and provide useful information about the incidence of recall of PIP under our routine general anesthesia. METHODS: Five hundred preoperative questionnaires were distributed to patients who were scheduled for elective open thyroidectomy under general anesthesia from May 2016 to July 2016. They were asked to rank ten possible adverse effects associated with general anesthesia from their most undesirable to their least undesirable effect. Patients who completed the preoperative questionnaires were asked whether they could recall PIP and to grade the severity of PIP on the first postoperative day. RESULTS: A total of 448 preoperative questionnaires were returned and analyzed with an efficient rate of 89.6%. Incisional pain was ranked as most undesirable, followed (in order) by vomiting, gagging on the tracheal tube, nausea, sore throat, propofol injection pain, shivering, intravenous puncture pain, and anxiety. The majority (91.5%) of surveyed patients could not recall any discomfort or pain during anesthetics injection. Of those who could recall PIP, 89.5% grade it as mild pain, 7.9% moderate pain, and 2.6% severe pain. CONCLUSIONS: Most of patients undergoing elective open thyroidectomy in our hospital viewed PIP as a relatively minor problem. The incidence of recall of PIP was low and the majority of those who recalled regarded it as mild, temporary and acceptable pain. However, further investigations into propofol injection pain may be warranted as patients' perspectives on propofol injection pain and its severity may differ between patient populations.

5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists for Propofol Injection Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists have been commonly used to reduce propofol injection pain. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in decreasing the incidence and intensity of propofol injection pain. METHODS: Online databases of Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched as well as reference lists of included studies and recent reviews. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy and safety of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for propofol injection pain were identified. The outcomes included the incidence and intensity of propofol injection pain and adverse effects. We calculated risk ratios (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous data and adopted fixed or random-effects model when proper. RESULTS: A total of eight RCTs were included in the final analysis. Compared with the control group, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists were related to a decreasing incidence of propofol injection pain (RR 0.43, 95 % CI 0.33-0.56, P < 0.05). Besides, they also effectively alleviated the severity of propofol injection pain. They significantly reduced the number of patients with moderate (RR 0.21, 95 % CI 0.15-0.30, P < 0.05) and severe pain (RR 0.16, 95 % CI 0.10-0.25, P < 0.05) during propofol injection. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and lidocaine were equally effective in preventing propofol injection pain. Moreover, only one article mentioned the adverse effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in two patients. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis indicates that 5-HT3 receptor antagonists can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of propofol injection pain. Additionally, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists may become the alternatives to lidocaine in attenuating propofol injection pain. However, evidence is still limited for the safety of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on propofol injection pain.

Adjusting the Proportion of Electron-Withdrawing Groups in a Graft Functional Polymer for Multilevel Memory Performance.

A polymer containing aldehyde active groups (PVB) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), acting as a polymer precursor to graft a functional moiety via nucleophilic addition reaction. DHI (2-(1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-6-hydrazino-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione) and NPH (nitrophenyl hydrazine) groups, which contain naphthalimides that act as narrow traps and nitro groups that act as deep traps, were anchored onto the PVB at different ratios. A series of graft polymers were obtained and named PVB-DHI, PVB-DHI4 -NPH, PVB-DHI-NPH4 , and PVB-NPH. The chemical composition of the polymers was analyzed by (1) H-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Memory devices were prepared from the polymers, and I-V characteristics were measured to determine the performance. By adjusting the ratio of different electron acceptors (DHI and NPH) to 4:1, ternary memory behavior was achieved. The relationship between memory behavior of PVB-DHIx NPHy and acceptor groups as well as their conduction mechanism were studied in detail.

The efficacy of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists on improving the postoperative pain intensity and satisfaction after remifentanil-based anesthesia in adults: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Remifentanil could induce opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance, which would increase pain intensity after the operation. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have been used to prevent these adverse effects while the efficacy is still controversial. We evaluated the effectiveness of NMDA receptor antagonists in reducing postoperative pain and analgesic consumption after remifentanil-based anesthesia. METHODS: Full published reports of randomized controlled trials on adults investigating the effects of intravenous administration of NMDA receptor antagonists compared with placebo for preventing remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia and tolerance were searched in PubMed, Embase, Springer, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Postoperative pain scores, analgesic consumption, time to first analgesic request, satisfaction scores, and opioid-related and other adverse effects have been evaluated. Results were combined using fix or random-effects model when appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 14 randomized controlled trials with 729 patients were included in the final analysis. Compared with placebo, NMDA receptor antagonists reduced the pain scores at 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively (P < .05), reduced the cumulative analgesic consumption of 0-6, 0-24, and 0-48 hours after the operation (P < .05), prolonged the first time to request analgesic (P < .05), and promoted the satisfaction scores (P < .05). There was no difference in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, psychological adverse effects, and shivering. Subgroup analysis was conducted on different interventions (ketamine and magnesium); the results are in line with general results. CONCLUSIONS: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists can prevent the increase of analgesic consumption and pain intensity induced by remifentanil, and it can improve the postoperative satisfaction of patients.

Low Concentration of Dezocine in Combination With Morphine Enhance the Postoperative Analgesia for Thoracotomy.

OBJECTIVE: When morphine and dezocine are mixed together, the clinical interactions with analgesic effects and adverse events remain unknown. The authors aimed to investigate the efficacy of low concentrations of dezocine in combination with morphine for postoperative pain. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. SETTING: Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, China. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty patients undergoing thoracotomy were randomized into 3 groups to investigate the analgesic efficacy of different ratios of morphine and dezocine. INTERVENTIONS: The morphine group (Group M) received morphine (1 mg/mL) alone for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA); the morphine+dezocine 1 group (Group MD1) received morphine (1 mg/mL) combined with dezocine (0.05 mg/mL) at a ratio of 20:1 for PCA; the morphine+dezocine 2 group (Group MD2) received morphine (1 mg/mL) combined with dezocine (0.1 mg/mL) at a ratio of 10:1 for PCA. Cumulative morphine consumption, verbal rating scores (VRS), and adverse events were evaluated throughout a 48-hour postoperative period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cumulative morphine requirements were (1) statistically higher in Group M than in Group MD2 at 24 and 48 hours after surgery and (2) statistically higher in Group M than Group MD1 at 48 hours after surgery. Postoperative VRS for evaluating pain were similar among the 3 groups. The incidence of postoperative nausea and pruritus was statistically higher in Group M than in Groups MD1 and MD2. The incidence of dizziness was not significantly different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of morphine and dezocine at the concentrations [morphine (mg/mL)]/[dezocine (mg/mL)] of 1/0.05 (ratio 20:1) and 1/0.1 (ratio 10:1) may enhance postoperative analgesia after thoracotomy.