ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effects of hydrothermal treatment, biological treatment and their combination on nutrients recovery from fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and evaluated the feasibility of fruit and vegetable waste juice (FVWJ) from the combined treatment as liquid organic fertilizer. In this study, following conditions were determined suitable for FVW treatment: the temperature of 165 °C and retention time of 45 min for hydrothermal treatment, 20 h for biological treatment, and Weissella, as the dominant microbial genus present in FVW, was suggested as inoculum for biological treatment. In the combined treatment, based on the above conditions of hydrothermal and biological treatments, the yield of FVWJ was 93.03 g out of 100 g FVW, and concentrations of organic matter (1.45%, w/w), primary nutrients (0.51%, w/w), and toxic components in the FVWJ complied with the requirements for use concentration in both Chinese and European standards for liquid organic fertilizer. The economic analysis showed the net saving of 13.60 USD per ton FVW, indicating that it is an economical approach to valorize fruit and vegetable waste into liquid organic fertilizer through the combined treatment.
Subject(s)
Fruit , Vegetables , FertilizersABSTRACT
Conjugated copolymers based on isoindigo/fluorinated isoindigo and bis(dialkylthienyl)benzodithiophene, PBDTT-ID and PBDTT-FID, were designed and synthesized for organic photovoltaic applications. The isoindigo fluorination made PBDTT-FID show high PCE of 5.52% and 7.04% in its conventional and inverted PSCs, respectively.
