ABSTRACT
A phase 2 evaluation of live attenuated parainfluenza type 3 (PIV3)-cold passage mutant 45 (cp45) vaccine was conducted in 380 children 6-18 months old; 226 children (59%) were seronegative for PIV3. Of the 226 seronegative children, 114 received PIV3-cp45 vaccine, and 112 received placebo. No significant difference in the occurrence of adverse events (i.e., runny nose, cough, or temperature > or =38 degrees C) was noted during the 14 days after vaccination. There was no difference between groups in the occurrence of acute otitis media or serous otitis media. Paired serum samples were available for 109 of the seronegative vaccine recipients and for 110 of the seronegative placebo recipients; 84% of seronegative vaccine recipients developed a > or =4-fold increase in antibody titers. The geometric mean antibody titer after vaccination was 1 : 25 in the vaccine group and <1 : 4 in the placebo group. PIV3-cp45 vaccine was safe and immunogenic in seronegative children and should be evaluated for efficacy in a phase 3 field trial.
Subject(s)
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology , Respirovirus Infections/immunology , Respirovirus Infections/prevention & control , Vaccination/methods , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Acute Disease , Administration, Intranasal , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Australia , Cold Temperature , Cough/etiology , Double-Blind Method , Fever/etiology , Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology , Humans , Infant , Mutation , Otitis Media/prevention & control , Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics , Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control , Respirovirus Infections/blood , Rhinitis/etiology , Serial Passage , United States , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Viral Vaccines/adverse effects , Viral Vaccines/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV-3) infections cause lower respiratory tract illness in children throughout the world. A licensed PIV-3 vaccine is not yet available. METHODS: A live attenuated cold-adapted (ca) and temperature-sensitive (ts) PIV-3 vaccine, designated cp-45, was evaluated sequentially in open label studies in 20 adults and in placebo-controlled, double blind studies in 24 PIV-3-seropositive children, 52 PIV-3-seronegative infants and children and 49 infants 1 to 2 months old. A single dose of this intranasal vaccine was evaluated in adults [106 plaque-forming units (pfu)] and seropositive children, and 104 and 105 pfu were evaluated in seronegative children. In the infant study, two 104 pfu doses of vaccine were administered at 1- or 3-month intervals. Safety, infectivity, immunogenicity and phenotypic stability of the vaccine were evaluated in all cohorts. RESULTS: The cp-45 vaccine was well-tolerated in all age groups and infected 94% of vaccinated seronegative children and 94% of vaccinated infants. Although immunization with the first dose of cp-45 diminished the replication of a second dose in all infants, those immunized after 3 months shed vaccine virus more frequently than those immunized after 1 month (62% vs. 24%, respectively). Antibody responses to PIV-3 were readily detected in seronegative children with a variety of assays; however, the IgA response to the viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase was the best measure of immunogenicity in young infants. Of 109 vaccine virus specimens recovered from nasal washes, 98 were ts and 11 were temperature-sensitive intermediate (tsi) viruses, with pinpoint plaques visible at 40 degrees C. tsi viruses appeared transiently at the time of peak viral replication, represented a very small proportion of the total virus shed and were not associated with changes in clinical status. ca revertants were not detected. CONCLUSIONS: The cp-45 vaccine is appropriately attenuated and immunogenic in infants as young as 1 month of age. Further development of this vaccine is warranted.
Subject(s)
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology , Respirovirus Infections/prevention & control , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Age Factors , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Child , Child, Preschool , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Immunity/physiology , Immunization Schedule , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics , Phenotype , Probability , Reference Values , Sensitivity and Specificity , Treatment Outcome , Vaccination/methods , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunologyABSTRACT
A recombinant live-attenuated chimeric human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) candidate vaccine was previously generated by replacing the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein open reading frames (ORFs) of the HPIV3 candidate vaccine, rHPIV3cp45, with those of wild-type HPIV1. Previously, this recombinant chimeric virus, designated rHPIV3-1cp45, exhibited a greater level of the temperature sensitivity of replication in vitro and a greater level of attenuation of replication in the respiratory tract of immunized hamsters when compared to its HPIV3cp45 parent virus. In the present study, rHPIV3-1cp45 was evaluated for its level of attenuation and efficacy in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), a primate in which both HPIV1 and HPIV3 wild-type viruses replicate efficiently. The rHPIV3-1cp45 candidate vaccine was as restricted in replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract as its thoroughly characterized rHPIV3cp45 parent indicating that the attenuating mutations present in the rHPIV3cp45 backbone specified an appropriate level of attenuation of rHPIV3-1cp45 for primates. The level to which rHPIV3-1cp45 replicated in the respiratory tract of African green monkeys was also sufficient to induce a strong immune response to HPIV1 and provided protection against challenge with wild-type HPIV1. These results provide a basis for further evaluation of this HPIV1 candidate vaccine in humans.
