Compact beam shaping design based on polarization plane multiplexing of semiconductor lasers.

Fiber coupling is difficult due to the uneven beam parameter product between the vertical and horizontal axes of semiconductor lasers. A beam shaping technique based on the combination of the internal total reflection and polarization surface of a stepped prism is proposed to achieve filling the dark area of the beam and polarization merging, as well as enabling the polarization plane to be multiplexed and the utilization rate of the polarization plane to be increased. The proposed technology can couple three groups of stacked array semiconductor lasers into a single fiber, in which the center diameter is 200 µm, and the numerical aperture is 0.22. The simulation results indicated that the output power of 1099 W and optical-optical conversion productivity of 85.8% were achieved.

Relationship between family rearing style and 3-6 year old children s emotional and behavioral problems / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the relationship and gender difference between family rearing styles with emotional and behavior problems in preschool children aged 3-6 years, so as to provide reference for early prevention and intervention of children s emotional and behavior problems.@*Methods@#Using the method of stratified cluster sampling, 9 647 children aged 3-6 years old from 36 kindergartens in Wuhu, Lu an and Fuyang of Anhui Province were selected in June 2021. Primary caregivers were investigated with self designed questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parents version) and Parental Rearing Style Scale.@*Results@#The detection rate of elevated SDQ total difficulty score was 6.5%, with boys (7.1%) higher than that of girls (5.8%). The detection rate of abnormal emotional behavior were significantly higher in children with high scores on doting, laissez faire, autocracy and inconsistency of family rearing style, compared with those in the low score group ( χ 2=210.32, 203.87, 102.70, 212.69, P <0.01 ), and the detection rate increased with the increase of score. However, the detection rate of abnormal emotional behavior in the high score group of democracy was significantly lower than that in the low score group ( χ 2=156.24, P <0.01), and the detection rate decreased with the increase of score. Logistic regression analysis showed that high level doting ( OR =4.31), laissez faire ( OR = 4.16), autocracy ( OR =3.36) and inconsistency ( OR =4.76) of family rearing style were associated with high risk of children s emotional behavior problems, while high level of democracy ( OR =0.34) in family rearing style was associated with low risk of emotional behavior problems. The comparison between boys and girls showed that the risk of emotional and behavioral problems in the indulgent rearing style of boys was significantly higher than that of girls ( OR =1.90, 2.13) ( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Family rearing styles are associated with emotional and behavioral problems among preschool children. Boys are sensitive to the negative impact of doting rearing style. Good rearing styles is beneficial to the prevention and control of children s emotional and behavioral problems.

Association of maternal adverse childhood experiences and parent child relationship in preschool children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the relationship of maternal adverse childhood experiences(ACEs) with mother child relationship, so as to provide reference for parent child relationship and child health promotion.@*Methods@#In June 2021, children aged 3-6 years old of 36 kindergartens in three areas in Anhui Province were selected by stratified cluster sampling method, follow up data were collected in December 2021, and a total of 6 111 children were included in the study. Maternal ACEs and mother child relationship were respectively assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire(ACEs-IQ)and the Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS). A multiple linear regression model was established to analyze the association of maternal ACEs and mother child relationship in preschool children.@*Results@#History of maternal childhood sexual abuse, physical neglect and peer bullying were negatively associated with mother child intimacy ( r =-0.03, -0.03, -0.03, P <0.05). Maternal emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, peer bullying, community violence, and total family dysfunction were positively associated with mother child dependence and mother child conflict ( r =0.09, 0.08, 0.05, 0.14, 0.06, 0.11, 0.08, 0.04; 0.18, 0.17, 0.07, 0.20, 0.11, 0.16, 0.12, 0.10, P <0.01). There was no statistically significant between all types of maternal ACEs and mother child intimacy in boys( P >0.05). Mothers with a history of physical abuse, sexual abuse and peer bullying had a statistically significant relationship between mother child intimacy in girls( β =-0.17, -0.62, -0.19, P <0.05). All types of maternal ACEs were positive predictors of mother child conflict between boys and girls( β =0.37-1.96, P <0.05). There was statistical significance between maternal childhood sexual abuse and mother child dependence of boys( β =0.53, P <0.05), but no statistical significance between maternal childhood sexual abuse and mother child dependence of girls( P >0.05). All other types of maternal ACEs were positive predictors of mother child dependence( β =0.09-0.41, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Maternal ACEs are associated with poor mother child relationship among preschool children, and maternal ACEs should be actively followed, which is of great significance for improving the parent child relationship and promoting child healthy development.

Advantages of InGaN-GaN-InGaN Delta Barriers for InGaN-Based Laser Diodes.

An InGaN laser diode with InGaN-GaN-InGaN delta barriers was designed and investigated numerically. The laser power-current-voltage performance curves, carrier concentrations, current distributions, energy band structures, and non-radiative and stimulated recombination rates in the quantum wells were characterized. The simulations indicate that an InGaN laser diode with InGaN-GaN-InGaN delta barriers has a lower turn-on current, a higher laser power, and a higher slope efficiency than those with InGaN or conventional GaN barriers. These improvements originate from modified energy bands of the laser diodes with InGaN-GaN-InGaN delta barriers, which can suppress electron leakage out of, and enhance hole injection into, the active region.

Screening and associated factors of hyperactivity behavior in preschool children in Anhui Province / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of hyperactive behavior and risk factors among preschool children, and to provide a reference for early intervention of problem behavior.@*Methods@#A total of 7 982 children aged 3-6 were selected from 30 kindergartens by multi stage stratified cluster random sampling in 5 areas, Anhui Province, and their parents were surveyed with Conners Parent Rating Scales(PSQ) and Related factors questionnaire from June to July 2020.@*Results@#A tollay of 126 children were detected with hyperactivity behaviors, with a detection rate of 1.6%. The detection rate of boys (2.2%) was higher than that of girls (0.8%). The difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=26.51, P <0.01). Among 126 hyperactive children, 40(31.7%)had another type of behavior problem, and 82(65.1%)had two or more additional behavior problems. The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that boy( OR =2.85, 95% CI =1.88-4.30), sleep deprivation( OR =1.87, 95% CI =1.31-2.68), occupation of mother being farmer or otherwise( OR =1.81, 95% CI =1.11-2.94) were associated with more hyperactivity behavior. While, living with parents in the past six months ( OR =0.61, 95% CI =0.40-0.92) was associated with less hyperactivity behavior( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Early intervention of preschool children s behavior problems should focus on boys, maintain reasonable sleep time and increase parental care.

The Uptake of Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Programs in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: No systematic review of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) in China has been performed. We aimed to estimate the uptake of PMTCT programs services in China. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Wanfang (Chinese) to identify research studies. Only descriptive epidemiological studies were eligible for this study. RESULTS: A total of 57 eligible cross-section studies were finally included. We estimated that the mean HIV-positive rate of exposed infants was 4.4% (95% CI = 3.2-5.5), and more than 33% of exposed infants had not undergone HIV diagnostic testing. The percentage of initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive women was 71.0% (95% CI = 66.3-75.8), and that for initiating antiretroviral prophylaxis (ARP) in exposed infants was 78.3% (95% CI = 74.9-81.8); also, 31.3% (95% CI = 15.5-47.0) of women with HIV and < 1% of exposed infants received the combination of three antiretroviral drugs. There were bigger gap of uptake of PMTCT programs between income levels, and cities with a low income level had a higher percentage of initiating ART in HIV-positive women (80%) and ARP in exposed infants (85%) compared to cities with high-middle income (57% and 65%, respectively) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This paper highlights the need to further scale up PMTCT services in China, especially in regions with the lowest coverage, so that more women can access and utilize them. However, some estimated outcome should be interpreted with caution due to the high level of heterogeneity and the small number of studies.

High-performance nonscanning Fourier-transform spectrometer that uses a Wollaston prism array.

A high-performance nonscanning Fourier-transform spectrometer is reported that is composed mainly of a Wollaston prism array and a two-dimensional photodetector array. It is a substantial improvement over existing Wollaston prism based nonscanning Fourier-transform spectrometers because it offers finer spectral resolution and smaller size. Such spectrometers will find important applications in remote chemical and biological sensing, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, etc. Experimental results are consistent with theoretical analyses.