ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Lactation performance of dairy cow has considerably increased with animal breeding and management improvement in recent years. Ruminal net synthesised pantothenic acid is insufficient to meet the requirement of high producing dairy cows. The objective was to investigate the effects of rumen-protected pantothenate (RPP) on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion and blood metabolites in dairy cows. RESULTS: Dry matter (DM) intake tended to increase, whereas milk yields, milk fat percentage and yield, body condition score (BCS) changes and net energy output except for maintenance increased linearly with increasing RPP supplementation. Ruminal pH and ammonia N concentration tended to decrease, total VFA tended to increase, while acetate-to-propionate ratio increased linearly with increasing RPP supplementation. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter and crude protein increased linearly, but neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility tended to increase. Blood glucose, total protein, non-esterified fatty acids, pantothenic acid, pantothenate kinase, succinyl CoA, acyl carrier protein and acetyl CoA also increased linearly with increasing RPP supplementation. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that supplementary RPP improved lactation performance, nutrient digestion and blood parameters in a dose-dependent manner, and the optimal dose was 12 g RPP per cow per day in the current study. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Cattle/physiology , Dietary Supplements/statistics & numerical data , Pantothenic Acid/administration & dosage , Rumen/metabolism , Ammonia/metabolism , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cattle/blood , Cattle/microbiology , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Digestion , Female , Fermentation , Lactation , Milk/metabolism , Silage/analysisABSTRACT
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the major vector-borne diseases in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region, posing a threat to human health. In rural and suburban areas, traditional rice farming and intensive pig breeding provide an ideal environment for both mosquito development and the transmission of JEV among human beings. Combining surveillance data for mosquito vectors, human JE cases, and environmental conditions in Changsha, China, 2004-2009, generalized threshold models were constructed to project the mosquito and JE dynamics. Temperature and rainfall were found to be closely associated with mosquito density at 1, and 4month lag, respectively. The two thresholds, maximum temperature of 22-23°C for mosquito development and minimum temperature of 25-26°C for JEV transmission, play key roles in the ecology of JEV. The model predicts that, in the upper regime, a 1g/m(3) increase in absolute humidity would on average increase human cases by 68-84%. A shift in mosquito species composition in 2007 was observed, and possibly caused by a drought. Effective predictive models could be used in risk management to provide early warnings for potential JE transmission.
Subject(s)
Climate , Culicidae/physiology , Disease Vectors , Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology , Animals , China/epidemiology , Ecosystem , Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission , Humans , Humidity , Population Density , Risk Factors , TemperatureABSTRACT
TLRs are a family of receptors that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. TGP have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immuno-regulatory activities. However, the relation between TGP and TLRs on diabetic nephropathy remains unknown. In this study, we examined effects of TGP on immune regulatory TLR2 and 4 in the kidney from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. TGP decreased the levels of 24h urinary albumin excretion rate significantly in diabetic rats. Western blot analysis showed that TGP significantly inhibited the expression of TLR2 and 4, MyD88, p-IRAK1, NF-κB p65, p-IRF3, TNF-α and IL-1ß. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the significantly increased levels of TLR2 and 4, and MyD88mRNA in the kidneys of diabetic rats were significantly suppressed by TGP treatment. Macrophages infiltration were also markedly increased in the kidneys of the diabetic rats, but were significantly inhibited by TGP in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that TGP has protective effects on several pharmacological targets in the progress of diabetic nephropathy by selectively blocking TLRs activation in vivo.
Subject(s)
Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy , Glucosides/therapeutic use , Kidney/drug effects , Paeonia/chemistry , Phytotherapy , Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism , Albumins/metabolism , Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism , Glucosides/pharmacology , Kidney/metabolism , Macrophages/drug effects , Male , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Silver-clad stainless steel pipe is used as the supporting tube for the fabrication of infrared hollow fiber. The hollow fiber has high mechanical strength and is highly durable for use in the medical sterilization process. Film of a cyclic olefin polymer layer or silver iodide (AgI) was coated internally to reduce the transmission loss. A liquid-filling method is proposed for coating the AgI layer. Multiple coating processes proved to be effective to increase the AgI film thickness. A treatment of sodium thiosulfate water solution is also proposed to reduce the film thickness. The film thickness can be accurately controlled by combining the coating and decoating techniques. A loss of less than 0.2 dB was obtained for CO2 laser light for a hollow pipe with a length of 280 mm and an inside diameter of 0.75 mm.
