ABSTRACT
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) porous scaffold is widely used as a suitable bone substitute to repair bone defect, but the optimal pore size is unclear yet. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of different pore sizes on the processing of bone formation in repairing segmental bone defect of rabbits using CPC porous scaffolds. Three kinds of CPC porous scaffolds with 5 mm diameters and 12 mm length were prepared with the same porosity but different pore sizes (Group A: 200-300 µm, Group B: 300-450 µm, Group C: 450-600 µm, respectively). Twelve millimeter segmental bone defects were created in the middle of the radius bone and filled with different kinds of CPC cylindrical scaffolds. After 4, 12, and 24 weeks, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), histological assessment, and mechanical properties evaluation were performed in all three groups. After 4 weeks, ALP activity increased in all groups but was highest in Group A with smallest pore size. The new bone formation within the scaffolds was not obvious in all groups. After 12 weeks, the new bone formation within the scaffolds was obvious in each group and highest in Group A. At 24 weeks, no significant difference in new bone formation was observed among different groups. Besides the osteoconductive effect, Group A with smallest pore size also had the best mechanical properties in vivo at 12 weeks. We demonstrate that pore size has a significant effect on the osteoconductivity and mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cement porous scaffold in vivo. Small pore size favors the bone formation in the early stage and may be more suitable for repairing segmental bone defect in vivo.
Subject(s)
Bone Cements/therapeutic use , Bone Regeneration , Bone Substitutes/therapeutic use , Calcium Phosphates/therapeutic use , Osteogenesis , Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Animals , Biomechanical Phenomena , Bone Cements/chemistry , Bone Regeneration/drug effects , Bone Substitutes/chemistry , Bone and Bones/drug effects , Bone and Bones/injuries , Calcium Phosphates/chemistry , Male , Osteogenesis/drug effects , Porosity , Rabbits , Tissue Scaffolds/chemistryABSTRACT
Autophagy is a cell protective mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The present study aimed to investigate whether autophagy is enhanced in the biomechanically induced degenerative cartilage of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the potential role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 3 (MAP4K3) and mammalian Target of rapamycin (mTOR) in this observation. To induce degenerative changes in the TMJs, rats were subjected to biomechanical dental stimulation by moving 4 molars away from their original position as we previously reported. The ultrastructure of autophagosome was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The number of lysosomes was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression levels of Beclin1 and LC3 and the involvement of MAP4K3 activity were detected by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and western blot. The activity of the mTOR pathway indicated by p-mTOR and p-p70S6 K was assayed by western blot. TMJ degeneration, characterized by irregular cell arrangement and cell-free area, was induced in the experimental groups. Under transmission electron microscopy, we observed the presence of autophagosomes, small patches of condensed chromatin, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The number of lysosomes and the expression levels of Beclin1 and LC3 increased, while the activity of mTOR and the expression level of MAP4K3 decreased in the experimental groups. Cartilage in TMJ which was induced to be degenerative biomechanically exhibited autophagy accompanied by reduced mTOR and MAP4K3 activity.
Subject(s)
Autophagy , Cartilage/physiology , Chondrocytes/physiology , Temporomandibular Joint/physiology , Tooth Movement Techniques , Animals , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/biosynthesis , Beclin-1 , Cell Survival , Female , Lysosomes , Microtubule-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Stress, Mechanical , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and the related mechanisms of the components of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue decoction (DGBXD) on improving blood deficiency. METHOD: The effects of promoting hematopoietic function were observed with the blood difficient model mice, by giving components of DGBXD. RBC, WBC, reticulocytes and bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC) were determined. The components of DGBXD on proliferation of BMNC and on clony forming unit (CFU) were also determined. RESULT: The components of DGBXD remarkably increased the quantity of RBC, WBC, and BMNC. Some of the components promoted the proliferation of BMNC and increased the quantity of CFU-Mix. Among them, polysaccharide of angelica was most potent. CONCLUSION: The studies show that the extracts and some components of DGBXD can promote the hemopoietic function system of the model mice, and they exert the effects in a comprehensive way.
