Treatment of coracoid process fractures combined with acromioclavicular joint dislocation using clavicular hook plate.

BACKGROUND: The injury mechanism of acromioclavicular (AC) dislocation combined with coracoid process (CP) fracture is not clear, and there is no consensus on its treatment. This study was performed to evaluate the diagnosis of CP fractures combined with AC dislocation and the effectiveness of operative treatment using a clavicular hook plate. METHODS: Eighteen patients with CP fractures combined with AC dislocation were treated with a clavicular hook plate from May 2012 to June 2021. The patients comprised 10 male and 8 female patients with an average age of 38 years (range, 16-54 years). The injury was caused by falling in 15 patients, traffic accidents in 2 patients, and falling from a height in 1 patient. The Eyres type of CP fracture was type II in 1 patient, type III in 11 patients, type IV in 3 patients, and type V in 3 patients. The Ogawa type of CP fracture was type I in 17 patients and type II in 1 patient. The Rockwood type of AC dislocation was type V in 1 patient, variation type III in 15 patients, and variation type V in 2 patients. The interval from injury to the operation was 3 days (range, 1-7 days). Postoperative complications and CP fracture healing were recorded. Functional assessment at the last follow-up was performed by an independent reviewer using the Constant score and visual analog scale score. RESULTS: All 18 patients were followed up for a mean period of 49 months (range, 12-123 months). Nine patients had acromion osteolysis and 3 patients had CP fracture nonunion (Eyres type II, III, and V in 1 patient each); however, no patients developed shoulder pain, incision infection, limitation of shoulder movement, clinical symptoms of subcoracoid impingement, or AC dislocation relapse. At the last follow-up, the mean Constant score was 99 (range, 94-100). CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of CP fracture should be considered in patients with AC dislocation to avoid a missed diagnosis. Fixation with a clavicular hook plate is a feasible treatment for CP fracture combined with AC dislocation and provides a satisfactory outcome. CP fracture healing may be related to the fracture morphology.

[Characteristics of Phytoplankton Communities and Key Impact Factors in Three Types of Lakes in Wuhan].

To reveal the characteristics and key impact factors of phytoplankton communities in different types of lakes, sampling surveys for phytoplankton and water quality parameters were conducted at 174 sampling sites in a total of 24 lakes covering urban, countryside, and ecological conservation areas of Wuhan in spring, summer, autumn, and winter 2018. The results showed that a total of 365 species of phytoplankton from nine phyla and 159 genera were identified in the three types of lakes. The main species were green algae, cyanobacteria, and diatoms, accounting for 55.34%, 15.89%, and 15.07% of the total number of species, respectively. The phytoplankton cell density varied from 3.60×106-421.99×106 cell·L-1, chlorophyll-a content varied from 15.60-240.50 µg·L-1, biomass varied from 27.71-379.79 mg·L-1, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index varied from 0.29-2.86. In the three lake types, cell density, Chla, and biomass were lower in EL and UL, whereas the opposite was true for the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. NMDS and ANOSIM analysis showed differences in phytoplankton community structure (Stress=0.13, R=0.048, P=0.2298). In addition, the phytoplankton community structure of the three lake types had significant seasonal characteristics, with chlorophyll-a content and biomass being significantly higher in summer than in winter (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that phytoplankton biomass decreased with increasing N:P in UL and CL, whereas the opposite was true for EL. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that WT, pH, NO3-, EC, and N:P were the key factors that significantly affected the variability in phytoplankton community structure in the three types of lakes in Wuhan (P<0.05).

[Spatiotemporal Distribution and Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Typical Drinking Water Sources in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River].

The seasonal variation and spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals in typical drinking water sources in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were analyzed using the solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods. Combined with the risk entropy method, the corresponding ecological risks for aquatic organisms were evaluated. The results showed that 80% of the target pharmaceuticals were detected in the drinking water sources, with average concentrations of 0.07-13.00 ng·L-1. The concentrations of the target pharmaceuticals were lower than or comparable with those in other drinking water sources reported in China. The spatiotemporal distribution of different pharmaceuticals varied. Generally, the detection level in winter was higher than that in summer, and there was no significant difference between that upstream and that downstream. This might be mainly attributed to seasonal/regional use and emissions of the pharmaceuticals, the impact of flow rate on dilution, and the impact of temperature on biodegradation. Compared with those before the COVID-19 epidemic, the detection concentrations of the target pharmaceuticals were relatively low. The reason for this might be that the prevention and control of the epidemic reduced the use and emission of the pharmaceuticals to a certain extent, and the high rainfall and runoff strengthened the dilution of water flow. The target pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics, posed medium or low risks to aquatic organisms (especially algae). Considering the ecological risks and genotoxicity of pharmaceuticals and the potential risks of antibiotic-resistant genes, it is suggested to strengthen the investigation, evaluation, treatment, and control of pharmaceuticals in the water environment.

[Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Phosphorus Fractions and Release Risk in Sediments of Honghu International Importance Wetland].

According to a spatial distribution analysis of phosphorus in sediments from Honghu Wetland, it was found that TP content in sediments at the mouth of Honghu Lake was 781.31-1955.84 mg·kg-1 and the average value was(1287.21±437.28)mg·kg-1. TP content in sediments in the open water area was 438.33-1554.04 mg·kg-1, with an average value of(718.10±238.15)mg·kg-1. The TP content of sediments in lake inlet was significantly higher than that of sediments in the open water area(P<0.05), and that in the enclosed aquaculture was higher than in the open water area, although no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). The TP content of sediments to the northwest and northeast of Honghu Lake was higher than that to the southwest of Honghu Lake, and the TP content of sediments in The Four-lake main canal was significantly higher than that of Luoshan main canal(P<0.05). The phosphorus input in the Four-lake main canal may be the main source of phosphorus in Honghu Lake sediments. The phosphorus fraction composition in sediments from different sampling sites were significantly different. Fe/Al-P and Ca-P were the main forms of phosphorus in sediments from the lake inlet, while OP and Ca-P were the main forms of phosphorus in sediments from the open water area. The variation in spatial phosphorus form composition was related to the influence of human activity and the distribution of aquatic plants. Fe/Al-P and OP contents were used to estimate the content of biological available phosphorus (BAP) in evaluated sediments, and the proportion of BAP in TP was used to estimate the risk of phosphorus release in Honghu sediments. BAP/TP was 39.8%-69%, with an average of(56.5±7.23)%, indicating a high risk of phosphorus release. OP and BAP were significantly correlated with TP in overlying water(P<0.01), and the correlation between BAP and phosphate in the overlying water was the highest. The results showed that phosphorus concentration in the overlying water may be related to the release of Fe/Al-P and OP into water bodies.

Impacts of residual aluminum from aluminate flocculant on the morphological and physiological characteristics of Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata.

Aluminate is generally used as a flocculant in water and wastewater treatment processes, but the residual aluminum (Al) may have toxic effects on aquatic organisms when the concentration accumulates beyond a threshold level. The in situ and laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of residual Al on submerged macrophytes in West Lake, Hangzhou, China, which receives Al flocculant-purified water diverted from the Qiantang River. The responses of Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata were investigated based on their morphological and physiological parameters in pot culture and aquarium simulation experiments. In the pot culture experiments, the biomass, seedling number, plant height, stolon number, stolon length, and root weight were significantly higher at a site located 150m from the inlet compared with those at a site located 15m from the inlet (P < 0.05), thereby indicating that the residual Al significantly inhibited the morphological development of V. natans and H. verticillata. The variations in the chlorophyll-a, protein, and malondialdehyde contents of the two species in both the pot culture and aquarium simulation experiments also demonstrated that the two submerged macrophytes were stressed by residual Al. V. natans and H. verticillata accumulated 0.052-0.227mg of Al per gram of plant biomass (fresh weight, mg/g FW) and 0.045-0.205mg Al/g FW in the in situ experiments, respectively, where the amounts of Al were significantly higher in the plants in the treatment aquaria during the laboratory experiments than those in the controls. These results may have important implications for the restoration of submerged macrophytes and ecological risk assessments in Al-exposed lakes. It is recommended that the Al salt concentration used for the control of lake eutrophication should be reduced to an appropriate level.

Internal nitrogen removal from sediments by the hybrid system of microbial fuel cells and submerged aquatic plants.

Sediment internal nitrogen release is a significant pollution source in the overlying water of aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to remove internal nitrogen in sediment-water microcosms by coupling sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) with submerged aquatic plants. Twelve tanks including four treatments in triplicates were designed: open-circuit (SMFC-o), closed-circuit (SMFC-c), aquatic plants with open-circuit (P-SMFC-o) and aquatic plants with closed-circuit (P-SMFC-c). The changes in the bio-electrochemical characteristics of the nitrogen levels in overlying water, pore water, sediments, and aquatic plants were documented to explain the migration and transformation pathways of internal nitrogen. The results showed that both electrogenesis and aquatic plants could facilitate the mineralization of organic nitrogen in sediments. In SMFC, electrogenesis promoted the release of ammonium from the pore water, followed by the accumulation of ammonium and nitrate in the overlying water. The increased redox potential of sediments due to electrogenesis also contributed to higher levels of nitrate in overlying water when nitrification in pore water was facilitated and denitrification at the sediment-water interface was inhibited. When the aquatic plants were introduced into the closed-circuit SMFC, the internal ammonium assimilation by aquatic plants was advanced by electrogenesis; nitrification in pore water and denitrification in sediments were also promoted. These processes might result in the maximum decrease of internal nitrogen with low nitrogen levels in the overlying water despite the lower power production. The P-SMFC-c reduced 8.1%, 16.2%, 24.7%, and 25.3% of internal total nitrogen compared to SMFC-o on the 55th, 82th, 136th, and 190th days, respectively. The smaller number of Nitrospira and the larger number of Bacillus and Pseudomonas on the anodes via high throughput sequencing may account for strong mineralization and denitrification in the sediments under closed-circuit. The coupled P-SMFC system has shown good potential for the efficient removal of internal nitrogen.

Treatment performance and microorganism community structure of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland plots for domestic wastewater.

In order to investigate the treatment performance and microorganism mechanism of IVCW for domestic wastewater in central of China, two parallel pilot-scale IVCW systems were built to evaluate purification efficiencies, microbial community structure and enzyme activities. The results showed that mean removal efficiencies were 81.03 % for COD, 51.66 % for total nitrogen (TN), 42.50 % for NH4 (+)-N, and 68.01 % for TP. Significant positive correlations between nitrate reductase activities and TN and NH4 (+)-N removal efficiencies, along with a significant correlation between substrate enzyme activity and operation time, were observed. Redundancy analysis demonstrated gram-negative bacteria were mainly responsible for urease and phosphatase activities, and also played a major role in dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase activities. Meanwhile, anaerobic bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and saturated FA groups, gram-positive bacteria exhibited good correlations with the removal of COD (p=0.388), N (p=0.236), and TP (p=0.074), respectively. The IVCW system can be used to treat domestic wastewater effectively.

[Removal nitrogen of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland under aeration condition].

Oxygen is an important limit factor of nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands, so it is the key point for improving nitrogen removal efficiency of constructed wetlands that the optimization of oxygen distribution within wetlands. Therefore, oxygen status, nitrogen removal and purification mechanism of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW) under aeration condition in summer and winter have been studied. The results showed that both oxygen levels and aerobic zones were increased in the wetland substrates. The area of oxic zone I (expressing with depth) extended from 22 cm, 17 cm to 53 cm, 44 cm, in summer and winter, respectively. The electric potential (Eh) profiling demonstrated that artificial aeration maintained the pattern of sequential oxic-anoxic-oxic (O-A-O) redox zones within the aerated IVCW in winter, while only two oxic-anoxic (O-A) zones were present inside the non-aerated IVCW in the cold season. The decomposition of organic matter and nitrification were obviously enhanced by artificial aeration since the removal efficiency of COD, TN and NH4(+) -N were increased by 12.2%, 6.9% and 15.1% in winter, respectively. There was no significant accumulation of NO3(-) -N in the effluent with an aeration cycle of 8 h on and 16 h off in this experiment. Moreover, we found that oxic zone I was the main region of pollutants removal in IVCW system, and artificial aeration mainly acted to enhance the purification capacity of this oxic zone in the aerated IVCW. These results suggest that aeration is important for optimization and application of IVCW system.

[Allelopathic influence of Myriophyllum spicatum on the photosynthetic efficiency of Microcystis aeruginosa].

The allelopathic influence of Myriophyllum spicatum on chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Microcystis aeruginosa was studied in coexistence condition. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters included q(N) (non-photochemical quenching), Y II (effective quantum yield), F(v)/F(m) (maximum quantum yield), F'(v)/F'(m) (effective quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry) and ETR (electron transport rate). During the three days under coexistence condition, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of M. aeruginosa were affected by M. spicatum and presented different sensitivities. Chlorophyll content of M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited by 20.80% on the second day at 10.0 g/L of M. spicatum (P < 0.05). However, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of M. aeruginosa decreased earlier and rapider than chlorophyll content. On the first day, q(N) and Y II of M. aeruginosa were significantly inhibited by 15.59% and 13.00% at 5.0 g/L of M. spicatum (P < 0.05), and F(v)/F(m) and F'(v) /F'(m) were declined by 15.87% and 12.07% at 10.0 g/L (P < 0.05), respectively. On the third day, ETR and three parameters based on ETR were affected at all levels of M. spicatum (P < 0.05). The inhibition effects on the photosynthetic activity of M. aeruginosa might be considered as one of the target sites of M. spicatum and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were more sensitive parameters than chlorophyll content, especially q(n).

[Study on optimization gradation of substrates in vertical flow constructed wetlands].

Bio-ceramic, anthracite, zeolite, steel slag and vermiculite were used as substrate according to different kinds of gradation to treat wastewater in vertical-flow constructed wetlands simulation systems. The results show that the removal ability of COD by graded substrates according to particle size are better than single substrates, and average removal efficiency by graded bio-ceramic is up to 72.91%. The removal rate of TN by graded zeolite, which reaches 91.23%, is higher than single zeolite. No significant difference (p < 0.05) is detected with regard to organic matter and nitrogen removal between single and combined use of bio-ceramic and zeolite. The pH values in effluents of all columns filled with steel slag and anthracite are within normal limits, but phosphorus removal of all columns filled with steel slag and anthracite are lower than that filled with single substrates, except for the column filled with anthracite, vermiculite and steel slag from up to down. No difference between planted and unplanted systems can be observed. The present results probably provide a basis for vertical-flow constructed wetland design, among which based on the characteristic of wastewater proper selection of high-efficiency graded substrates, e.g., graded bio-ceramic, graded zeolite, graded anthracite, combined use of bio-ceramic, zeolite and anthracite, is a guarantee of better performance at a high hydraulic loading rate.

Effects of constructed wetland system on the removal of dibutyl phthalate (DBP).

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have become widely diffused in the environment via the manufacturing process. Numerous experiments have shown that the bioaccumulation of PAEs occurred in the aquatic and terrestrial food chain; meanwhile, it was found that some of PAEs were considered as potential carcinogens, teratogens and mutagens. In this research, two vertical/reverse-vertical flow constructed wetland systems were set up to study its removal efficiency of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) pollution. The results showed that the constructed wetland system could remove DBP effectively, and the removal rates reached nearly 100%. Substrate microorganism and enzymatic activities probably played key roles during DBP removal, and the removal of DBP probably mainly took place in the upper layer of chamber A in the constructed wetland systems.

[Nitrogen removal under the condition of carbon source supplement in integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland].

Carbon source is the main factor influencing biological denitrification efficiency. In most cities of China, carbon content in sewage was observed to be low, herein carbon source supplement should be considered to provide electron donors needed in biological denitrification process. The influence of adding different carbon sources through aeration pipe of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW) on nitrogen removal had been studied. Carbon source supplement to the bottom of IVCW could improve microbe conditions and intensify nitrogen removalfunction of IVCW. The results showed that glucose as external carbon source was better than carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on denitrification. Nitrogen removal had significant difference between adding glucose and no carbon source in IVCW system (p < 0.05). By the experiments of adding different quantity of glucose, the dose of 1.5 g glucose under 60 L x d(-1) hydraulic load was the optimization for denitrification. C6H12O6:NO3(-) -N was 4.3 and far lower than that by adding in inflow. So carbon source supplement to the bottom of IVCW through aeration pipe could save carbon source supplement cost. Additionally, adding glucose for four hours before influent feeding could improve nitrogen removal.

Cell surface display of functionally active lipases from Yarrowia lipolytica in Pichia pastoris.

The lipase genes of Yarrowia lipolytica, LIPY7 and LIPY8, fused with FLO-flocculation domain sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae at their N-termini, were expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71. Following the induction with methanol, the recombinant proteins were displayed on the cell surface of P. pastoris, as confirmed by the confocal laser scanning microscopy. The LipY7p and LipY8p were anchored on P. pastoris via the flocculation functional domain of Flo1p. The surface-displayed lipases were characterized for their application as the whole-cell biocatalyst. These lipases can also be cleaved off from their anchor by enterokinase treatment to yield functionally active proteins in the supernatant offering an alternative purification method for LipY7p and LipY8p.

[Effect of different combination system of constructed wetland on zooplankton community structure].

The effect of the different combination system of constructed wetland on zooplankton community structure was studied with different hydraulic loading [0.6 m3 x (m2 x d)(-1), 0.8 m3 x (m2 x d)(-1), 1.0 m3 x (m2 x d)(-1]. And the seasonal change of the effect was measured with the same hydraulic loading. The results show that different combination system with hydraulic loading 0.8 m3 x (m2 x d)(-1) on zooplankton community structure is more effective than others; the effect in spring, summer and autumn are more notable than in winter, otherwise the effect in autumn is the most notable; the effect on macro-zooplankton is more obvious than on micro-zooplankton and there are some species in the effluent water of wetland but not in influent water. Ponds of the systems weaken the effects on zooplankton community structure and the effect of combination system (down-flow --> aerobic and anaerobic pond) is the worst of all combination system, and in contrast to others down-flow --> up-flow --> horizontal-flow wetland and down-flow --> horizontal-flow wetland present distinct effects on zooplankton.

[Comparison of algal removal efficiencies in different ecological treatment systems and their combinations].

The algal removal efficiencies and their trends of 8 experimental ecological treatment systems, which belonged to 5 groups, were studied under different hydraulic loading rates (HLR). The algal removal efficiencies were compared according to the seasonal changes under the optimum HLR. Gravel-bed horizontal-flow wetland, down-flow wetland, up-flow wetland, aerobic ponds or facultative ponds combined these systems. The results show that the best HLR is 0.8m3/(m2 x d) in all the experimental systems. The systems including aerobic pond and down-flow wetland show a stronger resistance to hydraulic shock loading, as well as horizontal-flow wetland. The algal removal rates of all the systems peaked to over 94% in summer and bottomed in winter that varied from 34% to 90%. It was the combined form that determined the removal efficiency of the ecological treatment systems. The combination system of down-flow and up-flow wetland present the highest capacity of algal removal efficiency and lower seasonal fluctuation, while the gravel-bed horizontal-flow wetland system present the lowest efficiency and higher seasonal fluctuation.

[Temporal and spatial characteristics of substrate enzyme activities and bacteria physiological groups in constructed wetland].

Six enzymes and five bacteria physiological groups from the substrate (soil) of integrated vertical flowing constructed wetland are chosen to study temporal and spatial characteristics. The research results show that significant differences existed in each enzyme during different months (p < 0.05). The enzyme activities of cellulase, protease and phosphatase were significantly higher in June, September and December than those in March; The enzyme activity of beta-glucosidase in June was significantly higher than those in other months; While urease activities in both September and December were extremely significantly higher than those in March and in June (p < 0.01); But the dehydrogenase was different from the above-mentioned enzymes, which had higher enzyme activities in June and in December than in March and in September. Compared with the temporal characteristics, the spatial characteristics of all six enzymes show consistency: the enzyme activities in the down-flow chamber were significantly higher than those in the up-flow chamber (p < 0.05), and all of the enzyme activities in both chambers were relatively lower with the increasing depths of substrate layers. The numbers of bacteria physiological groups were at peak in June and September and their spatial characteristics were the same with enzyme activities.

[Nitrification and denitrification in the integrated vertical flow constructed wetlands].

Nitrification and denitrification in the different layers of the integrated vertical flow constructed wetlands (IVCW) are studied. The results show the constants rate of nitrification and denitrification in the strata of IVCW were 0.01 - 6.35microg x (gxd)-1 and 3.37 - 4.19microg x (gxd)-1 respectively. The most probable number (MPN) method are employed to determine the number and distribution of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in the strata of the system. The results show that the numbers of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria were 7.5 x 10(3) - 1.1 x 10(5) MPN x g(-1) and 7.5 x 10(6) - 1.1 x 10 MPN x g(-1) respectively. The positive correlation between bacteria and their action was obvious (r = 0.9661, p < 0.001, r = 0.7722, p < 0.025). It is also observed that the number of nitrifying bacteria and nitrification rate was decreased along the direction of the water in the IVCW, while denitrifying bacteria and denitrification rate was increased. And there was the significant negative correlation between nitrification and denitrification rate(r = -0.9776, p < 0.001).

Toxicity of cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB.

The acute toxic effect of the pesticide cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB was examined. D. magna HB was exposed to cypermethrin at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mg/L for 24 h. Data showed that the 24 h-LC50 of cypermthrin on D. magna HB was 4.81 mg/L. In contrast, the 24 h-LC50 of K2Cr2O7 (the national standard toxicant) to Daphnia magna was 0.38 mg/L in the current study. Results indicated that the Daphnia magna was very sensitive to pesticides. In addition, the effects of the culture condition (such as hardness, temperature and DO etc.) on Daphnia magna HB was also studied.

[Studies on clogging of the constructed wetland].

The parameters of substrate related to clogging, such as the grain size, the filtration rate and organic substance in the substrate, were investigated in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW). The substrate of IVCW was collected by a specific sampling tube in situ and the infiltration experiment showed that the filtration rate of substrate increased with the depth of substrate and the minimum filtration rate existed 15-30 cm below the surface of substrate. The amount of organic substances in upper 15 cm layer of the substrate was limited and even less in deeper layer after fifty two-month running, and this revealed that IVCW was operating steadily and no clogging was observed. Considering the factors related to clogging, the strategy to prevent and recover the clogging phenomenon was put forward.