First Survey of the Pathogenic Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Wild Populations of the Yunnan Caecilian (Ichthyophis bannanicus) in Guangxi, China.

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes chytridiomycosis, mainly infects Anura and Caudata but is poorly known in Gymnophiona. We conducted a survey of Bd in the Yunnan caecilian (Ichthyophis bannanicus) and found that 6 of 71 samples (8.4%) tested positive for Bd. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of Bd in wild I. bannanicus.

Anodic stripping voltammetric measurement of trace cadmium at tin-coated carbon paste electrode.

A carbon paste electrode modified with tin was used for the determination of trace cadmium by anodic stripping voltammetry. The electroanalytical performance for the determination of Cd(II) on the tin-coated carbon paste electrode(SnF-CPE) was better than that on the carbon paste electrode. The measuring conditions have been optimized. The measurement of trace cadmium on the SnF-CPE has the best response under the conditions of 0.10molL(-1) acetate buffer solution (pH 3.9), 3.5mgL(-1) Sn(II), deposition potential of -1.40V, and deposition time of 150s. The SnF-CPE revealed highly linear behavior in the concentration range of 2.0-90.0µgL(-1) with the detection limit of 1.13µgL(-1) for Cd(II). The developed sensor has been applied to the determination of Cd(II) in real water samples with satisfactory results.

Chronological age estimation of third molar mineralization of Han in southern China.

In order to study the chronology of age of third molar mineralization of Han in southern China, Demirjian staging method was used to determine the stage of four third molars (18, 28, 38, 48) mineralization in 3,100 Han in southern China aged 4.1-26.9 years based on radiological evidence from digital orthopantomograms. The mean age of the 3,100 patients was 15.96 +/- 4.73 years, including 1,200 male (mean age, 15.32 +/- 4.62) and 1,900 female (mean age, 16.35 +/- 4.76). Results show that there was no significant difference in mineralization between 18 and 28 and 38 and 48 of male or female. However, significant difference was observed between 28 and 38 of female at stage C; 28 was 0.25 years earlier than 38. In male, at stage G, 38 was 0.61 years earlier than 28, and 48 was 0.62 years earlier than 18. At stages D, E, F, G, and H, male 48 was 0.34, 0.66, 0.72, 1.34, and 0.76 years earlier than that of female, respectively. At stages A, D, E, F, G, and H, male 38 was 0.73, 0.26, 0.56, 0.91, 1.29, and 0.70 years earlier than that of female, respectively. At stages B, E, F, G, and H, the mineralization mean age of male 18 was 0.54, 0.50, 0.76, 0.92, and 0.58 years earlier than that of female, respectively. At stages E, F, G, and H, the mineralization mean age of male 28 was 0.51, 0.76, 0.92, and 0.49 years earlier than that of female, respectively. After reviewing the literature, the chronological mineralization age of 48, at stages D to G, of Han in southern China was 1 to 4.6 years earlier than that of Japanese and 1 to 3 years earlier than that of German. The mean age at stage H of 48 of Han in southern China was similar to Turkish, Black African, Japanese, and German, but was later than Spanish. Finally, the conclusions are: (1) in the same gender group of Han in southern China, the mineralization ages between two sides in upper or lower jaw are very similar, and (2) the chronology mean age and complete time of third molar mineralization of male were earlier than that of female.