Long-term voluntary running improves cognitive ability in developing mice by modulating the cholinergic system, antioxidant ability, and BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway.

Moderate physical exercise has positive effects on memory. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of long-term exercise on spatial memory in developing mice, as well as its association with the cholinergic system, antioxidant activities, apoptosis factor, and BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway in the brain. In this study, Y maze and Novel object recognition (NOR) tests were employed to assess the impact of long-term voluntary exercise on memory. The cholinergic system, antioxidant activities, and apoptosis factors in the brain were quantified using Elisa. Additionally, western blot analysis was conducted to determine the expression of relevant proteins in the BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway. The findings demonstrated that prolonged voluntary wheel running exercise enhanced memory in developing mice, concomitant with increased catalase (CAT) activity and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain. Moreover, it could also increase the hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) content and suppress the expression of neuronal apoptosis protein. Additionally, exercise also upregulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), phosphoinositide 3 kinases (PI3K), Akt, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that long-term voluntary wheel running exercise improves the spatial memory of developing mice by modulating the cholinergic system, antioxidant activities, apoptosis factors, and activating the BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway.

(E)-3-(Oxolan-2-yl-idene)-1-phenyl-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione.

In the title compound, C14H13NO3, the dihedral angles between the central pyrrolidine ring and the pendant tetra-hydro-furan and phenyl rings are 5.34 (18) and 58.99 (17)°, respectively. The tetra-hydro-furan ring is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.008 Å). In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O inter-actions, generating a three-dimensional network.

(5-Fluoro-4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-yl)(2,4,6-tri-methyl-phen-yl)iodo-nium tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate.

In the title mol-ecular salt, C22H21FI(+)·CF3SO3 (-), the dihedral angle between the rings of the biphenyl group is 65.6 (1)°. The ring of the mesitylene group is inclined to the fluoro-benzene ring at an angle of 86.1 (3)° and the C-I-C bond angle is 97.0 (2)°. In the crystal, extremely short I⋯O contacts of 2.862 (5) and 2.932 (5) Šoccur, due to the strong electrostatic inter-actions between the I atom and two adjacent tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate counter-ions. There are also C-H⋯F and C-H⋯π inter-actions present: together with the I⋯O bonds, these result in a three-dimensional network.