siRNA takes a jab at hypertension.

Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide, yet most US adults with hypertension do not meet goal blood pressure. KARDIA-1 demonstrates the efficacy of zilebesiran, a subcutaneously administered small interfering RNA, for lowering blood pressure, presenting a novel treatment option for this deadly disease.1.

Symptom Science in Kidney Disease.

Physical and emotional symptoms are highly prevalent among patients with kidney disease and are directly linked to impaired health-related quality of life. Symptom science is a field of research aimed at advancing knowledge of the holistic mechanisms driving symptoms, how best to assess symptoms accurately, and developing novel and patient-centered approaches to symptom management. Patients with kidney disease have identified symptom science as a top research priority, and opportunities abound for ongoing patient engagement in symptom-related research efforts and clinical care. This review describes the burden of symptoms experienced by patients with kidney disease, explores the spectrum of patient engagement in symptom care and research, and discusses approaches for symptom assessment and management, taking into consideration the multitude of factors that may contribute to symptoms.

Metabolites Associated With Uremic Symptoms in Patients With CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: The toxins that contribute to uremic symptoms in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are unknown. We sought to apply complementary statistical modeling approaches to data from untargeted plasma metabolomic profiling to identify solutes associated with uremic symptoms in patients with CKD. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 1,761 Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) participants with CKD not treated with dialysis. PREDICTORS: Measurement of 448 known plasma metabolites. OUTCOMES: The uremic symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, pruritus, nausea, paresthesia, and pain were assessed by single items on the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 instrument. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Multivariable adjusted linear regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator linear regression, and random forest models were used to identify metabolites associated with symptom severity. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, metabolites selected in at least 2 of the 3 modeling approaches were deemed "overall significant." RESULTS: Participant mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 43mL/min/1.73m2, with 44% self-identifying as female and 41% as non-Hispanic Black. The prevalence of uremic symptoms ranged from 22% to 55%. We identified 17 metabolites for which a higher level was associated with greater severity of at least one uremic symptom and 9 metabolites inversely associated with uremic symptom severity. Many of these metabolites exhibited at least a moderate correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (Pearson's r≥0.5), and some were also associated with the risk of developing kidney failure or death in multivariable adjusted Cox regression models. LIMITATIONS: Lack of a second independent cohort for external validation of our findings. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolomic profiling was used to identify multiple solutes associated with uremic symptoms in adults with CKD, but future validation and mechanistic studies are needed. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Individuals living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience symptoms related to CKD, traditionally called uremic symptoms. It is likely that CKD results in alterations in the levels of numerous circulating substances that, in turn, cause uremic symptoms; however, the identity of these solutes is not known. In this study, we used metabolomic profiling in patients with CKD to gain insights into the pathophysiology of uremic symptoms. We identified 26 metabolites whose levels were significantly associated with at least one of the symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, itchiness, nausea, paresthesia, and pain. The results of this study lay the groundwork for future research into the biological causes of symptoms in patients with CKD.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Pruritus in Patients with Nondialysis CKD.

BACKGROUND: Pruritus is a common symptom experienced by patients with nondialysis CKD, but risk factors for incident pruritus in this patient population have not been evaluated. METHODS: We identified 1951 participants with CKD in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study without pruritus at the baseline assessment. Pruritus was assessed by the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 (KDQOL-36) instrument, and moderate-to-severe pruritus was defined as a response of 3 or higher on a Likert scale of 1-5. We used time-updated multivariable joint models to evaluate the association of patient clinical characteristics, eGFR, and laboratory parameters with incident pruritus. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 6 years, 660 (34%) participants developed incident moderate-to-severe pruritus, with a higher incidence rate observed among participants with more advanced CKD. In multivariable models, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for pruritus associated with a 10 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 lower eGFR was 1.16 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.23). Older age (≥65 years), higher body mass index, diabetes, current smoking, opioid use, depressive symptoms, and serum parathyroid hormone were also associated with a higher risk of incident pruritus, whereas low serum calcium (<9 mg/dl) was associated with a lower risk (all P <0.05). Serum phosphate was not associated with incident pruritus in the primary analysis. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of patients with nondialysis CKD develop moderate-to-severe pruritus. Although lower eGFR is associated with the risk of pruritus, other comorbidities, particularly depressive symptoms, were potential risk factors. PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2023_02_08_CJN09480822.mp3.

Trajectories of Uremic Symptom Severity and Kidney Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Uremic symptoms, including fatigue, anorexia, pruritus, nausea, paresthesia, and pain, are attributed to the accumulation of organic waste products normally cleared by the kidneys, but whether kidney function is the primary driver of changes in symptom severity over time is not known. The goal of our study was to evaluate the association between eGFR and uremic symptom severity score in patients with CKD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS: We identified 3685 participants with CKD not on dialysis in the prospective, observational Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study with baseline assessment of eGFR and uremic symptom severity. Symptoms were assessed by separate questions on the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 instrument (zero- to 100-point scale). The longitudinal association between eGFR and uremic symptom severity score was examined with multivariable adjusted linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts and random slopes. RESULTS: The mean±SD eGFR at baseline was 44±15 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and participants had a median of six (interquartile range 3-11) simultaneous assessments of eGFR and uremic symptoms over the duration of follow-up. The most prevalent symptoms at baseline were pain (57%), fatigue (52%), paresthesia (45%), and pruritus (42%). In adjusted models, a decrease in eGFR of 5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was associated with a worsening of the symptom severity score by two points or less for each uremic symptom (P<0.01; zero- to 100-point scale). The association between eGFR and uremic symptom severity score was nonlinear. When starting from a lower initial eGFR, a 5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 decrease in eGFR was associated with a greater magnitude of uremic symptom worsening. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of uremic symptoms in CKD is high, with significant variability in patient symptom change over time. Declines in eGFR were associated with worsening of uremic symptom severity, but the magnitude of these changes is small and of uncertain clinical significance.

Dose-Response Relationships Between Gonadal Steroids and Bone, Body Composition, and Sexual Function in Aging Men.

CONTEXT: Most labs set the lower limit of normal for testosterone at the 2.5th percentile of values in young or age-matched men, an approach that does not consider the physiologic changes associated with various testosterone concentrations. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the dose-response relationships between gonadal steroid concentrations and measures regulated by gonadal steroids in older men. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION: 177 men aged 60 to 80 were randomly assigned to receive goserelin acetate plus either 0 (placebo), 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 grams of a 1% testosterone gel daily for 16 weeks or placebos for both medications (controls). PRIMARY OUTCOMES: Changes in serum C-telopeptide (CTX), total body fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and self-reported sexual desire. RESULTS: Clear relationships between the testosterone dosage (or the resulting testosterone levels) and a variety of outcome measures were observed. Changes in serum CTX exceeded changes in the controls in men whose testosterone levels were 0 to 99, 100 to 199, 200 to 299, or 300 to 499 ng/dL, whereas increases in total body fat, subcutaneous fat, and thigh fat exceeded controls when testosterone levels were 0 to 99 or 100 to 199 ng/dL. Sexual desire and erectile function were indistinguishable from controls until testosterone levels were <100 ng/dL. CONCLUSION: Changes in measures of bone resorption, body fat, and sexual function begin at a variety of testosterone concentrations with many outcome measures remaining stable until testosterone levels are well below the stated normal ranges. In light of this variation, novel approaches for establishing the normal range for testosterone are needed.

Gonadal steroids and body composition, strength, and sexual function in men.

BACKGROUND: Current approaches to diagnosing testosterone deficiency do not consider the physiological consequences of various testosterone levels or whether deficiencies of testosterone, estradiol, or both account for clinical manifestations. METHODS: We provided 198 healthy men 20 to 50 years of age with goserelin acetate (to suppress endogenous testosterone and estradiol) and randomly assigned them to receive a placebo gel or 1.25 g, 2.5 g, 5 g, or 10 g of testosterone gel daily for 16 weeks. Another 202 healthy men received goserelin acetate, placebo gel or testosterone gel, and anastrozole (to suppress the conversion of testosterone to estradiol). Changes in the percentage of body fat and in lean mass were the primary outcomes. Subcutaneous- and intraabdominal-fat areas, thigh-muscle area and strength, and sexual function were also assessed. RESULTS: The percentage of body fat increased in groups receiving placebo or 1.25 g or 2.5 g of testosterone daily without anastrozole (mean testosterone level, 44±13 ng per deciliter, 191±78 ng per deciliter, and 337±173 ng per deciliter, respectively). Lean mass and thigh-muscle area decreased in men receiving placebo and in those receiving 1.25 g of testosterone daily without anastrozole. Leg-press strength fell only with placebo administration. In general, sexual desire declined as the testosterone dose was reduced. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of testosterone required to maintain lean mass, fat mass, strength, and sexual function varied widely in men. Androgen deficiency accounted for decreases in lean mass, muscle size, and strength; estrogen deficiency primarily accounted for increases in body fat; and both contributed to the decline in sexual function. Our findings support changes in the approach to evaluation and management of hypogonadism in men. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00114114.).