ABSTRACT
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease characterized by hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia, followed by luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency. PCOS conditions cause metabolic disorders that increase uric acid levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Animal models of PCOS have been used extensively in research to study the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and treatment of PCOS. Aim: This study aimed to identify the pathological mechanisms underlying renal dysfunction in PCOS by observing several parameters, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and renal MDA levels. Methods: This research was an experimentally designed study using a Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) as an animal model of PCOS which were divided into three groups: negative control group (n = 6), Testosterone propionate (TP) induction group (n = 6), and estradiol valerate (EV) induction group (n = 6). Results: According to statistical analysis it indicated that induction of TP and EV can increase blood uric acid levels in PCOS model rats (p < 0.05), TP induction can increase kidney BUN and MDA levels significantly (p < 0.05), However, the observation of creatinine levels did not show significant differences in all treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the induction of animal models with TP can trigger significant renal damage compared to EV.
Subject(s)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Female , Animals , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/veterinary , Creatinine , Uric Acid , Models, Animal , KidneyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease, and it accounts for major cases of hyperthyroidism. Antibody against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor/TSHR (TRAb) is responsible for hyperthyroidism and is considered as a diagnostic marker for GD. Therefore, we developed a recombinant protein of human TSHR-169 (hTSHR-169), which was specifically recognized TRAb in the serum of GD patients and then compare the diagnostic performance between ELISA and dot blot of TRAb tests for their ability to diagnose GD. METHODS: 20 GD patients and 20 healthy individuals from the Indonesian population were enrolled. TRAb concentration and density were quantified. Comparative analysis was performed using receiver-operating curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: For dot blot assay, the minimum concentration to detect TRAb requiring 100 ng of antigen with antiserum diluted at 1:60. For diagnosing GD, the ELISA yielded a higher AUC compared with the dot blot assay (0.95 and 0.85, respectively). Using the recommended cutoff values, the efficiency of both assays was examined by comparing the specificity and sensitivity of the assays to the clinical diagnosis. The ELISA showed 80% and 95%, while the dot blot assay showed 70% and 95% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the dot blot assay exhibited lower performance than the ELISA method, the dot blot assay is a simple and rapid diagnostic assay that is suitable for diagnosing GD in rural areas, in which healthcare facilities sometimes are not accessible.
Subject(s)
Graves Disease , Hyperthyroidism , Autoantibodies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Humans , Receptors, Thyrotropin , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and costly disease that has become a primary concern worldwide. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is categorized as an autoimmune disease, which results in islet cell apoptosis and insulin-dependent. GAD65 is known as a potential marker of impaired pancreatic ß cell function that appears in the initial phase of type 1 DM and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). This study aimed to develop a novel rapid test of anti-GAD65 autoantibodies in human serum samples. METHODS: We have developed a rapid test for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies in this assay based on the reverse-flow immunochromatography method. Human recombinant-protein antigen for GAD65 was attached as the control line over the nitrocellulose membrane. On the other side, the goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) was coated on the same membrane as a control line. The positive result for GAD65 was confirmed by a colloidal gold signal on the strip. Our novel assay analyzed 276 healthy subjects and 51 type 1 diabetes individuals serum samples from several ethnicities in Indonesia for this study. RESULTS: Among the 276 healthy samples, 225 samples were identified as positive for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies, while 51 samples were negative. Interestingly, the positive results for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies were linear to the decreasing of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and inversely associated with triglyceride levels. A significant correlation with age was observed in all groups. The sensitivity and specificity test proved that this kit has higher accuracy (AUC value = 0.960). CONCLUSION: The significant advantages of our rapid test for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies provide higher sensitivity, specificity, and stability compared to previous commercial kits. Therefore, it could be proposed as the future clinical diagnostic kit for patient management of type 1 DM.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gliricidia sepium is a medium-sized leguminous plant found widely in tropical to subtropical areas. It has been used as a medicinal ingredient and in rodenticides by local communities in both Indonesia and the Philippines. This study aimed to investigate the wound healing effects of an ointment containing G. sepium leaves on inflammatory cells using a rat model. We also determined its effect on the expression of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-1ß. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 16 Wistar male rats aged approximately 2 months and weighing 150-200 g. They were divided into four treatment groups (T1, positive control; T2, negative control; T3, wounds treated with G. sepium from Indonesia; and T4, wounds treated with G. sepium from the Philippines), and the ointment therapies were applied to wounds for 3 days. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to examine the inflammatory cells microscopically. IL-1ß and IL-6 expression were observed immunohistochemically. RESULTS: G. sepium leaves significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of inflammatory cells, and the expression of IL-1ß and IL-6 in the group treated with Indonesian G. sepium leaves was higher than that in the group treated with G. sepium leaves from the Philippines. The leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which act as anti-inflammatory agents to enhance the wound healing process. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that G. sepium leaves from both the Philippines and Indonesia possess wound healing properties.
ABSTRACT
Among the methods used to detect pathogenic bacteria, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most widely used techniques in routine sample analysis. For Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium detection, a typical ELISA yields a sensitivity of 10(6)-10(7)CFU/ml. To enhance the detection sensitivity, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was employed in this study as a labelling platform for antibody and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) co-immobilizing. With high proteins recovery after the coupling process, the resulting Ab/SWCNTs/HRP bioconjugate was used in the proof-of-concept ELISA experiments. Limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 10(3) and 10(4)CFU/ml for direct and sandwich ELISA, respectively, when Ab/HRP at 1:400 ratio was used. This figure accounts for 1000-time greater in detection sensitivity when compared to a commercial Ab-HRP conjugate. The Ab/SWCNTs/HRP bioconjugate was tested further in real samples and found a superior activity over the commercial Ab-HRP by showing 100-time greater detection limit.
