Choroid plexus-targeted NKCC1 overexpression to treat post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus.

Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) refers to a life-threatening accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that occurs following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). An incomplete understanding of this variably progressive condition has hampered the development of new therapies beyond serial neurosurgical interventions. Here, we show a key role for the bidirectional Na-K-Cl cotransporter, NKCC1, in the choroid plexus (ChP) to mitigate PHH. Mimicking IVH with intraventricular blood led to increased CSF [K+] and triggered cytosolic calcium activity in ChP epithelial cells, which was followed by NKCC1 activation. ChP-targeted adeno-associated viral (AAV)-NKCC1 prevented blood-induced ventriculomegaly and led to persistently increased CSF clearance capacity. These data demonstrate that intraventricular blood triggered a trans-choroidal, NKCC1-dependent CSF clearance mechanism. Inactive, phosphodeficient AAV-NKCC1-NT51 failed to mitigate ventriculomegaly. Excessive CSF [K+] fluctuations correlated with permanent shunting outcome in humans following hemorrhagic stroke, suggesting targeted gene therapy as a potential treatment to mitigate intracranial fluid accumulation following hemorrhage.

Longitudinal serum proteomics analyses identify unique and overlapping host response pathways in Lyme disease and West Nile virus infection.

Advancement in proteomics methods for interrogating biological samples has helped identify disease biomarkers for early diagnostics and unravel underlying molecular mechanisms of disease. Herein, we examined the serum proteomes of 23 study participants presenting with one of two common arthropod-borne infections: Lyme disease (LD), an extracellular bacterial infection or West Nile virus infection (WNV), an intracellular viral infection. The LC/MS based serum proteomes of samples collected at the time of diagnosis and during convalescence were assessed using a depletion-based high-throughput shotgun proteomics (dHSP) pipeline as well as a non-depleting blotting-based low-throughput platform (MStern). The LC/MS integrated analyses identified host proteome responses in the acute and recovery phases shared by LD and WNV infections, as well as differentially abundant proteins that were unique to each infection. Notably, we also detected proteins that distinguished localized from disseminated LD and asymptomatic from symptomatic WNV infection. The proteins detected in both diseases with the dHSP pipeline identified unique and overlapping proteins detected with the non-depleting MStern platform, supporting the utility of both detection methods. Machine learning confirmed the use of the serum proteome to distinguish the infection from healthy control sera but could not develop discriminatory models between LD and WNV at current sample numbers. Our study is the first to compare the serum proteomes in two arthropod-borne infections and highlights the similarities in host responses even though the pathogens and the vectors themselves are different.

Plasma Proteomic Analysis Distinguishes Severity Outcomes of Human Ebola Virus Disease.

Ebola virus (EBV) disease (EVD) is a highly virulent systemic disease characterized by an aggressive systemic inflammatory response and impaired vascular and coagulation systems, often leading to uncontrolled hemorrhaging and death. In this study, the proteomes of 38 sequential plasma samples from 12 confirmed EVD patients were analyzed. Of these 12 cases, 9 patients received treatment with interferon beta 1a (IFN-ß-1a), 8 survived EVD, and 4 died; 2 of these 4 fatalities had received IFN-ß-1a. Our analytical strategy combined three platforms targeting different plasma subproteomes: a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based analysis of the classical plasma proteome, a protocol that combines the depletion of abundant plasma proteins and LC-MS to detect less abundant plasma proteins, and an antibody-based cytokine/chemokine multiplex assay. These complementary platforms provided comprehensive data on 1,000 host and viral proteins. Examination of the early plasma proteomes revealed protein signatures that differentiated between fatalities and survivors. Moreover, IFN-ß-1a treatment was associated with a distinct protein signature. Next, we examined those proteins whose abundances reflected viral load measurements and the disease course: resolution or progression. Our data identified a prognostic 4-protein biomarker panel (histone H1-5, moesin, kininogen 1, and ribosomal protein L35 [RPL35]) that predicted EVD outcomes more accurately than the onset viral load. IMPORTANCE As evidenced by the 2013-2016 outbreak in West Africa, Ebola virus (EBV) disease (EVD) poses a major global health threat. In this study, we characterized the plasma proteomes of 12 individuals infected with EBV, using two different LC-MS-based proteomics platforms and an antibody-based multiplexed cytokine/chemokine assay. Clear differences were observed in the host proteome between individuals who survived and those who died, at both early and late stages of the disease. From our analysis, we derived a 4-protein prognostic biomarker panel that may help direct care. Given the ease of implementation, a panel of these 4 proteins or subsets thereof has the potential to be widely applied in an emergency setting in resource-limited regions.