Schools and disasters: examining the evidence for K-12 settings across the emergency management phases.

Disasters may have profound impacts on children and schools. We reviewed the evidence on schools and disasters, and analyzed these impacts across the four main emergency management (EM) phases. We reviewed 190 abstracts from 60 journals published between 2000 and 2019, using the definitions of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery from the National Research Council. Over 48 percent of articles fell within two or more phases, particularly when they addressed popular topics such as disaster risk reduction. School safety and mitigation efforts, curriculum development and awareness training around disaster risk reduction, and the importance of cross-sector collaborations and partnerships emerged as common themes, identifying opportunities for research and practice in the process. A natural next step could be the creation of a centralized online databank for schools and administrators who need access to resources such as survey and evaluation instruments, risk/threat assessment methodologies, cultural competency training modules, and other tool kits. Use of the EM phases increases the ability to exchange ideas and actionable approaches to EM research and policy practice for school-aged children.

Neighborhood conditions and the initial outbreak of COVID-19: the case of Louisiana.

The early outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID)-19 became associated with various 'hot spots' in the USA, particularly in large cities. However, despite the widespread nature of the outbreak, much of what is known about the virus' impact and clusters is understood either for individuals, or at the state level. This paper assesses the predictors of outbreaks at the neighborhood level. Using data from the Louisiana Department of Health, we use spatial regression models to analyze the case count through 3 May 2020 and its relationship to individual and geographic neighborhood characteristics at the census tract level. We find a particularly strong and large correlation between race and COVID-19 cases, robust to model specification and spatial autocorrelation. In addition, neighborhoods with lower rates of poverty and those with fewer residents over 70 have fewer cases. Policy makers should adjust testing strategies to better service the hardest hit populations, particularly minorities and the elderly. In addition, the results are greater evidence of the impact of systemic issues on health, which require a long-term strategy for redress.