[Osteoporosis risk factors among patients with schizophrenia]. / Czynniki ryzyka rozwoju osteoporozy u pacjentów ze schizofrenia.

The etiopathogenesis, risk factors and indications for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with schizophrenia are presented. Accelerated decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) is mostly attributed to antypsychotics (drug-induced hyperprolactinemia and decrease in levels of estrogen and testosterone), insufficient calcium intake, low physical activity and limited exposure to sunshine, alcohol and tobacco intake, polidypsia. Clinical symptoms of osteoporosis (eg. vertebral fractures) develop very slowly and in patients with schizophrenia are very rarely diagnosed. Many of risk factors (especially adequate choice of pharamcotherapy and monitoring of BMD) might be prevented in order to decrease the prevalence of osteoporosis in population of patients with schizophrenia.

[Brain metabolism alterations in patients with anorexia nervosa observed in 1H-MRS]. / Protonowa spektroskopia rezonansu magnetycznego (1H-MRS) mózgowia u pacjentek z jadlowstretem psychicznym (anorexia nervosa).

The causes of metabolic brain changes in patients with anorexia nervosa are still not fully explained. The purpose of this study was to use the 1H-MRS method in investigating metabolic changes in the brain of patients with anorexia nervosa. We studied 10 patients for visible alternations in brain metabolism and compared the results to healthy controls. 1H-MRS was acquired by the method of single voxels in white and grey matter. Proton MRS was performed after image guided localization using stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence with a short echo time of 20 ms. For data evaluation we used standard Siemens software and the additional PC. Choosing of the MRS sequences was related with particular interest in metabolites of short time echo: myoinositol and lipids. Besides this we evaluated peaks of: N-acetylaspartate (NAN), creatine (Cr) and choline (Cho). The results show significant differences in the levels of metabolites connected with fatty metabolism. In white matter we observed the reduction of lip-peak. The data was evaluated approximately and presented as lip:Cr. We did not observe any differences in other metabolites. As far as we know similar results had been reported and our study confirmed significant disorders in metabolism of these chemicals in patients with anorexia nervosa.

[Prolactin secretion disturbances in schizophrenic patients treated with 2nd generation antipsychotics--risperidone and olanzapine]. / Zaburzenia wydzielania prolaktyny u chorych na schizofrenie leczonych lekami przeciwpsychotycznymi II generacji-risperidonem i olanzapina.

UNLABELLED: Hyperprolactinemia is an elevation ofprolactin level above the norm in two separate samples. Its prevalence is 0.4%. Hyperprolactinemia could be a side effect oftreatment of schizophrenia with conventional and some of the second generation antipsychotics. AIM: To compare the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and its clinical symptoms in three groups: (1) patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone, (2) those treated with olanzapine and (3) the control group. METHOD: Participants in the study were 60 schizophrenic patients: 26 treated with risperidone, 34 with olanzapine and 38 healthy, non-medicated volunteers. In all subjects a fasting morning blood sample was obtained and analyzed for serum prolactin levels. RESULTS: Investigators did not establish any statistically significant difference in the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia diagnosed with laboratory tests in patients treated with different atypical neuroleptics. Hyperprolactinemia was established in 92.3% patients treated with risperidone and in 76.5% patients treated with olanzapine and in 2.6% subjects of the control group. Clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia were established only in a part of the subjects with hiperprolactinemia diagnosed with laboratory tests.

[Calcium balance and regulation in schizophrenic patients treated with second generation antipsychotics]. / Zaburzenia gospodarki wapniowo-fosforanowej u chorych na schizofrenie leczonych lekami przeciwpsychotycznymi II generacji.

UNLABELLED: Calcium balance and regulation play an important role in providing its normal plasma concentration. Hormonal regulation is mostly done by parathormone and vitamin D. Impaired balance may result in bone demineralization, decreased bone mineral density and cause osteopenia and osteoporosis. In patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia it can be due to dietary and vitamin deficiencies, decreased sunshine exposure, as well as polydipsia and other reasons. There is no substantial data exploring the influence of second generation antipsychotics on calcium dynamics in schizophrenic patients. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate calcium and phosphate metabolism in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia treated with second generation antipsychotics in reference to a control group of healthy, non-medicated volunteers. METHOD: Participants in the study were 60 schizophrenic patients: 26 were treated with risperidone, 34 with olanzapine and 38 were healthy, non-medicated volunteers--the control group. Subjects were excluded for any medical condition or treatment known to alter calcium balance. Blood samples for analysis were fasting morning ones. The following parameters were measured: serum levels of ionized calcium and phosphate, serum levels ofparathormone and serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3. Also a 24-hour urine sample was collected for the measurement of urinary calcium and phosphate. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant statistical difference between mean serum calcium and phosphate levels in schizophrenic patients and the control group and between patients treated with risperidone and those treated with olanzapine. 24 hour urine calcium and phosphate concentration was decreased in schizophrenic patients comparing to controls, but there was no difference between groups treated with risperidone or olanzapine.

[Decrease in mineral bone density in schizophrenic patients treated with 2nd generation antipsychotics]. / Ocena gestosci mineralnej kosci u chorych na schizofrenie leczonych lekami przeciwpsychotycznymi II generacji.

UNLABELLED: Decrease in bone mineral density may lead to osteopenia or osteoporosis. In patients with schizophrenia it may be attributed to medication-related hyperprolactinemia and hypogonadism, low physical activity, smoking, dietary deficiencies, low exposure to sunshine and polydipsia. Many of these factors can be eliminated. Early diagnosis and treatment may decrease the prevalence of osteoporosis amongst people with schizophrenia. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate bone mineral density in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia treated with second generation antipsychotics in reference to the control group of healthy, non-medicated volunteers. METHOD: 60 schizophrenic patients were the participants in the study. 26 of them were treated with risperidone, 34 with olanzapine and 38 were healthy, non-medicated volunteers--the control group. Subjects were excluded for any medical condition or other treatment known to cause osteoporosis. The females were all premenopausal. Bone mineral density was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients with schizophrenia suffer from a lower mean bone mineral density in comparison to the control group and there was no significant statistical difference between patients treated with risperidone or those treated with olanzapine. The BMD was decreased in 37.7% patients (28.3% had osteopenia i 9.4% osteoporosis) and in 15.8% controls (13.2% osteopenia i 2.6% osteoporosis). There was no difference between groups treated with risperidone or olanzapine.

[Mechanisms of the body weight gain induced by novel antipsychotic drugs and concomitant lipid abnormalities]. / Mechanizmy przyrostu masy ciala zwiazane ze stosowaniem leków przeciwpsychotycznych II generacji i towarzyszace zaburzenia biochemiczne.

The authors presents the state of knowledge on the prevalence and proposed mechanisms leading to weight gain during treatment with atypical antipsychotics. A short review on the therapeutic approaches is also supplied.

[The effects of antipsychotic treatment on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in patients with schizophrenia]. / Wplyw leków przeciwpsychotycznych na os podwzgórze-przysadka-gonady u pacjentów ze schizofrenia.

The functioning of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis is commonly affected during a course of antipsychotic therapy. This paper presents epidemiology, possible cause and management of hormonal disturbances during antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia.