Stigmasterol Removal by an Aerobic Treatment System.

Stigmasterol is a phytosterol contained in kraft mill effluent that is able to increase over 100% after aerobic biological treatment. This compound can act as an endocrine disrupter as its structure is similar to that of cholesterol. Furthermore, stigmasterol contained in kraft mill effluent shows high toxicity (25-fold more than ß-sitosterol) to aquatic organisms such as Daphnia magna. However, the operation of the aerobic treatment and biomass adaptation could be affecting their removal. The performances of activated sludge (AS), aerated lagoon (AL), and moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) are compared to remove the stigmasterol contained in kraft mill effluent. The AL operates at a hydraulic retention time of 6 h and removes up to 90% of phytosterols. So, a 96% of stigmasterol is removed by AL when the sterol retention load is 0.6 mg/L · d. However, stigmasterol concentrations increase from 29% to 37% at a low stigmasterol load rate (0.2 mg/L · d). On the other hand, the stigmasterol is removed between 65% and 87% by an AS under a hydraulic retention time of 3 h. Moreover, a 100% of stigmasterol can be removed by the MBBR when the hydraulic retention time is 2 days.

On the symphytognathoid spider genus Mysmenopsis Simon, 1898 (Araneae: Mysmenidae) from the Brazilian Amazonian region: description of five new species and new records.

Five new species of Mysmenopsis from the Brazilian Amazonian region are described: M. rodriguesae n. sp. and M. nadineae n. sp. known by males and females, M snethlageae n. sp., M. lopardoae n. sp. and M. regiae n. sp. known only by males. Three species, M. cienaga Müller, 1987 (previously known from Peru and Colombia), M. penai Platnick & Shadab, 1978 (Ecuador and Colombia), and M. shushufindi Dupérré & Tapia, 2020 (Ecuador) are recorded for the first time in Brazilian Amazonian region. An additional record of M. penai from northeastern Brazil is included.

Concentration of Fibroblasts in the Vocal Fold of Elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To study the concentration of fibroblasts in the vocal folds of elderly people. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The vocal folds of 13 cadavers were removed and divided into two age groups: Control group: n-5, 18-40 years; Elderly group: n-8, ≥75 years). The vocal folds were dissected and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis using the SA100 antibody to fibroblasts. The sites analyzed were maculae flavae and medial (or vibrating) portion of the vocal folds. The AVsoft program was used to count the cells. RESULTS: A higher concentration of fibroblasts was identified in the maculae flavae of the larynx of young adults and in the medial portion of the vocal folds of the elderly. However, these results did not determine statistically significant differences, allowing us to conclude that there was no effect of age on the concentration of fibroblasts in the vocal folds. CONCLUSION: In the larynx of the elderly, the fibroblast population remains similar to the young adults, both in the maculae flavae and in the body of the vocal folds, possibly being responsible for the constant production of fibrous matrix in the lamina propria. Functional changes in these cells are probably more marked than quantitative ones.

Removal of micropollutants by UASB reactor and post-treatment by Fenton and photo-Fenton: Matrix effect and toxicity responses.

Literature is scarce on the performance of Fenton-based processes as post-treatment of municipal wastewater treated by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. This study aims to perform Fenton and photo-Fenton from UASB influent and effluent matrices to remove micropollutants (MPs) models: atrazine (ATZ), rifampicin (RIF), and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2). A UASB reactor at bench-scale (14 L) was operated with these MPs, and the AOPs experiments at bench-scale were performed on a conventional photochemical reactor (1 L). A high-pressure vapor mercury lamp was used for photo-Fenton process (UVA-Vis) as a radiation source. Microcrustacean Daphnia magna (acute toxicity) and seeds of Lactuca sativa (phytotoxicity) were indicator organisms for toxicity monitoring. The UASB reactor showed stability removing 90% of the mean chemical oxygen demand, and removal efficiencies for ATZ, RIF, and EE2 were 16.5%, 45.9%, and 15.7%, respectively. A matrix effect was noted regarding the application of both Fenton and photo-Fenton in UASB influent and effluent to remove MPs and toxicity responses. The pesticide ATZ was the most recalcitrant compound, yet the processes carried out from UASB effluent achieved removal >99.99%. The post-treatment of the UASB reactor by photo-Fenton removed acute toxicity in D. magna for all treatment times. However, only the photo-Fenton conducted for 90 min did not result in a phytotoxic effect in L. sativa.

Three new species of Camillina Berland, 1919 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Brazil.

The genus Camillina Berland, 1919 includes 75 valid species which are mainly distributed in South America. However, in Brazil, the knowledge regarding Camillina remains limited and a few contributions to the taxonomy of the genus have been made in the last two decades. Camillina belongs to Zelotinae, a group of gnaphosid spiders which diagnostic character is a preening comb on metatarsi III and IV, and the genus can be recognized by the presence of a prolaterally situated, bifid terminal apophysis and medially situated, recessed embolar base on the male palp and a median epigynal plate. Here, we describe the males and females of three new species: C. suya sp. nov. and C. kuarup sp. nov., both from Fazenda Tanguro, Querência, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil and C. bonaldoi sp. nov. from Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Piracuruca, state of Piauí, Brazil.

Stigmasterol Removal by an Aerobic Treatment System.

Stigmasterol is a phytosterol contained in Kraft mill effluent that is able to increase over 100% after aerobic biological treatment. This compound can act as an endocrine disrupter as its structure is similar to that of cholesterol. Furthermore, stigmasterol contained in Kraft mill effluent shows high toxicity (25-fold that of ß-sitosterol) to aquatic organisms such as Daphnia magna (24-48 h). However, the operation of the aerobic treatment and biomass adaptation could be affecting their removal. The performances of activated sludge (AS), aerated lagoon (AL), and moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) are compared for removing stigmasterol contained in Kraft mill effluent. The AL operates at a hydraulic retention time of 6 h and removes up to 90% of phytosterols. So, a 96% of stigmasterol is removed by AL when the sterol retention load is 0.6 mg/L/day. However, stigmasterol concentrations increase from 29% to 37% at a low stigmasterol load rate (0.2 mg/L/day). On the other hand, the stigmasterol is removed between 65% and 87% by an AS under a hydraulic retention time of 3 h. Moreover, a 100% of stigmasterol can be removed by the MBBR when the hydraulic retention time is 2 days.

Professor de educação física no ensino fundamental: saberes concepções e sua prática docente / Physical education teaching in elementary education: knowledges, conceptions and their teaching practice / Física maestro educación en educación primaria: conocimientos, conceptos y practicar sus docente

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados da pesquisa “Professor de Educação Física no Ensino Fundamental: Saberes, Concepções e sua Prática Docente”. O universo pesquisado foi composto por 10 professores de Educação Física que atuam nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental na REME/Campo Grande-MS, exercendo a docência num tempo entre cinco a oito anos. Utilizamos os pressupostos da abordagem qualitativa no desenvolvimento da pesquisa e, para o levantamento dos dados, a entrevista semi estruturada e a análise de documentos. Um dos resultado sobtidos foi o de que há uma preocupação constante dos Professores em relação à sua formação continuada, eles querem se atualizar, estudar, frequentar palestras,cursos e encontros.

The objective of this paper is to present the results of Professor of Physical Educationin Elementary Education: Knowledges, Concepts and their Teaching Practice. The research universe consists of 10 physical education teachers which work in theearly years of REME elementary schools / Campo Grande-MS, been teachingclasses for about five and eight years. To develop this study qualitative research assumptions were used and to survey data, semi-structured interviews and document analysis. One of the results - There is a constant teachers concern regarding theircontinuing education, desire to upgrade, to study and attend lectures, courses, meetings.

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de la investigación el profesor de Educación Física en la Educación Primaria: conocimientos, conceptos y susprácticas de enseñanza. El universo de la investigación se compone de 10 profesores de educación física que trabajan en los primeros años de escuela primaria en el REME / Campo Grande-MS, el ejercicio de un tiempo de enseñanza entre cinco y ocho años. Los supuestos fueron utilizados en el desarrollo de la investigación cualitativa y los datos de la encuesta, las entrevistas semi estructuradasy análisis de documentos. Uno de los resultados - Hay una preocupación constante de los docentes con respecto a su educación continua, queremos mejorar, estudiar, asistir a conferencias, cursos, reuniones.

Effect of three species of forage grasses on pasture structure and vertical distribution of infective larvae l3 of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep / Efeito de três espécies de gramíneas forrageiras sobre a estrutura da pastagem e distribuição vertical de larvas infectantes de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos

The knowledge of interaction between infective larvae setting and the type of grass is important to epidemiological studies and the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of three species of forage grasses on pasture characteristics and the vertical distribution of infective larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes of woolless sheep on the grasses during the rainy season. We used 60 non-periparturients ewes, naturally infected, equally distributed on 2 ha paddocks sowed with Tanzania, star, and gamba grasses, managed under continuous grazing system, from October 2003, to march 2004, at Santa Bárbara farm, BarreirasBahia-Brazil. Data of three samples between December 2003 and March 2004 were analyzed by SAS, using split-plot design, with 10 replications. Infective larvae of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were observed on forage in all stratus of vertical layer of the grasses without a defined pattern. Pastures with different characteristics under continuous grazing system had good conditions for developing of infective larvae of sheep.

O conhecimento da interação entre a disposição das larvas infectantes e o tipo de capim é fundamental nos estudos epidemiológicos e no controle das nematodioses gastrintestinais em ovinos. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos de três espécies de gramíneas forrageiras sobre a estrutura da pastagem e a distribuição de larvas infectantes (L3) de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos deslanados no perfil vertical das gramíneas forrageiras, na época chuvosa do ano. Foram utilizadas 60 ovelhas, não periparturientes, naturalmente infectadas, distribuídas igualmente ao acaso em três piquetes de 2 ha formados com os capins andropógon, estrela-africana e Tanzânia, manejados sob lotação contínua, de outubro de 2003 a março 2004, na Fazenda Santa Bárbara, município de Barreiras, Bahia. Os dados de três coletas entre dezembro de 2003 e março de 2004 foram analisados pelo SAS, em parcela subdividida, com 10 repetições. As larvas infectantes de Haemonchus spp. e Trichostrongylus spp. foram encontradas na forragem em todos os estratos do perfil vertical dos capins, sem um padrão definido de distribuição e sem diferença significativa entre capins. Pastagens com diferentes estruturas sob lotação contínua proporcionaram plenas condições para o desenvolvimento de larvas infectantes de ovinos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Andropogon gayanus; Cynodon plectostachyus; Panicum maximum

EFFECT OF THREE SPECIES OF FORAGE GRASSES ON PASTURE STRUCTURE AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INFECTIVE LARVAE L3 OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF SHEEP / EFEITO DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES DE GRAMÍNEAS FORRAGEIRAS SOBRE A ESTRUTURA DA PASTAGEM E DISTRIBUIÇÃO VERTICAL DE LARVAS INFECTANTES DE NEMATÓDEOS GASTRINTESTINAIS DE OVINOS

The knowledge of interaction between infective larvae setting and the type of grass is important to epidemiological studies and the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of three species of forage grasses on pasture characteristics and the vertical distribution of infective larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes of woolless sheep on the grasses during the rainy season. We used 60 non-periparturients ewes, naturally infected, equally distributed on 2 ha paddocks sowed with Tanzania, star, and gamba grasses, managed under continuous grazing system, from October 2003, to march 2004, at Santa Bárbara farm, BarreirasBahia-Brazil. Data of three samples between December 2003 and March 2004 were analyzed by SAS, using split-plot design, with 10 replications. Infective larvae of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were observed on forage in all stratus of vertical layer of the grasses without a defined pattern. Pastures with different characteristics under continuous grazing system had good conditions for developing of infective larvae of sheep.

O conhecimento da interação entre a disposição das larvas infectantes e o tipo de capim é fundamental nos estudos epidemiológicos e no controle das nematodioses gastrintestinais em ovinos. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos de três espécies de gramíneas forrageiras sobre a estrutura da pastagem e a distribuição de larvas infectantes (L3) de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos deslanados no perfil vertical das gramíneas forrageiras, na época chuvosa do ano. Foram utilizadas 60 ovelhas, não periparturientes, naturalmente infectadas, distribuídas igualmente ao acaso em três piquetes de 2 ha formados com os capins andropógon, estrela-africana e Tanzânia, manejados sob lotação contínua, de outubro de 2003 a março 2004, na Fazenda Santa Bárbara, município de Barreiras, Bahia. Os dados de três coletas entre dezembro de 2003 e março de 2004 foram analisados pelo SAS, em parcela subdividida, com 10 repetições. As larvas infectantes de Haemonchus spp. e Trichostrongylus spp. foram encontradas na forragem em todos os estratos do perfil vertical dos capins, sem um padrão definido de distribuição e sem diferença significativa entre capins. Pastagens com diferentes estruturas sob lotação contínua proporcionaram plenas condições para o desenvolvimento de larvas infectantes de ovinos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Andropogon gayanus; Cynodon plectostachyus; Panicum maximum

Verminose em caprinos e ovinos mantidos em pastagens de Panicum maximum Jacq. no período chuvoso do ano / Worm disease on goats and sheep raised on Panicum maximum Jacq. pastures in the rainy season

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a verminose em caprinos e ovinos mantidos em pastagens de Panicum maximum Jacq. na época chuvosa do ano. Quantificaram-se a densidade de massa seca (MS) dos diferentes estratos (0-15, 15- 30 e acima de 30 cm) da pastagem e a contaminação da forragem por larvas infectantes de nematódeos gastrintestinais (L3). Os quarenta animais foram submetidos a exames coprológicos mensais (OPG e coprocultura) no período chuvoso do ano. O experimento foi realizado em Barreiras, BA, sendo delineado em parcelas subdivididas distribuídas ao acaso, com dez repetições na pastagem e vinte nos animais, de outubro de 2003 a março de 2004, ao passo que as amostragens ocorreram nos meses de dezembro a fevereiro. O número total de larvas infectantes/kg MS não variou com o estrato, obtendo-se a média de 22,2 L3/kg MS. Na forragem, identificaram-se larvas L3 de Haemonchus sp. e Trichostrongylus sp., refletindo os resultados das coproculturas. Caprinos apresentaram maior contagem de OPG (2602) do que os ovinos (865), demandando maiores cuidados sanitários.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the worm disease on goats and sheep kept on Panicum maximum Jacq. pastures, in the rainy season of the year. The dry matter density (DM) of different layers (0-15, 15-30 and above 30 cm) of Panicum maximum Jacq. pastures, and the forage contamination by gastrintestinal nematode infective larvae (L3) were quantified. Forty animals were submitted monthly to coproparasitological examinations (ECG and coproculture) during the rainy season. The experiment was carried out in Barreiras-Bahia-Brazil, in a split-plot design, with 10 replications on pastures and 20 replications on animals, from October of 2003 to March of 2004, and samples were taken from December to February. The number of infective larvae per kg/DM did not change with the grass layer, with average of 22.2 L3/kg DM. On the forage, Haemonchus sp. and Trichostrongylus sp. L3 larvae were indentified, reflecting the coproculture results. Goats showed higher ECG counting (2602) than Sheep (865), demanding more sanitary care.

Sintomas e sinais de alterações da deglutição após a tireoidectomia / Symptoms and signs of swallowing changes after thyroidectomy

Introdução: Sintomas e sinais clínicos de alteração de deglutição podem manifestar-se em pacientes com doença da tireóide. Objetivo: Caracterizar os sintomas e sinais de deglutição pré e pós-tireoidectomias. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo com 40 pacientes agendados para cirurgia de tireóide, submetidos à avaliação clínica da deglutição em três momentos: pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e pós-operatório tardio. Foi realizada anamnese para estudo dos sintomas e aplicada avaliação clínica da deglutição com 200mL de líquido contínuo e sólido. Resultados: Participaram 40 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia, sendo que 35 (87,5%) foram submetidos à tireoidectomia total e cinco à tireoidectomia parcial (12,5%). Na anamnese, os sintomas foram referidos nos três momentos do estudo, sendo 19 (47,5%) no pré-operatório, 26 (65%) no pós-imediato e 17 (48,5%) no pós-operatório tardio. A avaliação clínica da deglutição detectou a presença de alterações em dez (25%) no período pré-operatório, oito (20%) no pós-operatório imediato e cinco (14%) no pós-operatório tardio. Pacientes com nódulo de tamanho ? 3cm apresentaram maior ocorrência de sintomas e sinais clínicos de alteração de deglutição em todos os momentos do estudo. Conclusões: Pacientes com doença da tireóide podem apresentar sintomas e sinais clínicos desde o pré-operatório, com uma tendência a reduzir até o pós-operatório tardio.

Introduction: Clinical symptoms and signals of deglutition changes can be referred to by patients with thyroid diseases. Objectives: To characterize the swallowing symptoms and signals before and after the thyroidectomy. Methods: Prospective study with 40 patients undergoing thyroid surgery, submitted to the clinical evaluation of the deglutition in 3 moments: preoperative, early and late postoperative periods. The anamnesis and the clinical evaluation of the continuous swallowing of 200mL of liquid and solid consistence were applied. Results: Among the 40 patients, 35 patients (87.5%) underwent total thyroidectomy and 5 underwent partial thyroidectomy (12.5%). The symptoms were referred to in the 3 periods of the study, being 19 (47.5%) in the preoperative, 26 (65%) in the early postoperative and 17 (48.5%) in the late postoperative. The clinical evaluation of the deglutition detected the presence oh changes in 10 (25%) in the preoperative, 8 (20%) in the early postoperative and 5 (14%) the late postoperative periods. Patients with nodule larger than 3cm presented higher occurrence of clinical symptoms and signals of deglutition changes in all moments. Conclusion: Patients with thyroid diseases can present clinical symptoms and signals since the preoperative period, with some trend of decreasing till the late postoperative period.

Aerobic removal of stigmasterol contained in kraft mill effluents

Kraft mill effluent, due to its organic matter content and acute toxicity, must be treated. A primary treatment followed by a secondary treatment is the most common system. Aerated lagoon is also considered an effective biological treatment, although this technology has some drawbacks related with operation parameters and land extension space. Moreover, the recovery efficiency for micropollutants contained in kraft mill effluent is questioned due to the anoxic zone in the system. The goal of this work is to evaluate the performance of the aerated lagoon to remove stigmasterol contained in kraft mill effluents. Kraft mill effluent was treated by an aerated lagoon (AL), which was operated with three different stigmasterol load rates (SLR = 0.2, 0.6 and 1.1 mg/L x d) and a hydraulic retention time of 1 day. The AL’s maximum Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal was 65 percent, whereas the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) was around 95 percent. The removal efficiency of stigmasterol removal was 96 percent when SLR 1.1 mg/L x d, although an accumulation of stigmasterol was detected for lower SLR.

Activated sludge versus aerated lagoon treatment of kraft mill effluents containing beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol.

In the present study the performance of an activated sludge system (AS) and an aerated lagoon (AL) are compared for the treatment of kraft cellulose effluents. Both reactors were operated at organic loading rates (OLR) up to 9 g COD/L. d. The activated sludge system presented better performance at high OLR than the aerated lagoon with removal percentages of 57-67% and 95% of COD and BOD(5), respectively. The removal percentages of specific compounds were always slightly higher in the case of the AS than in the AL with exception of the total phenolic compounds which concentration increased in the former. Furthermore the analyzed fractions from the effluents indicated that in the AS the compounds were fully removed while in the case of the aerated lagoon were transformed into compound with low molecular weight P2 (5 kD < MW < 10 kD). In the case of the AS system the increase of the total phenolic compounds concentrations was corroborated with the increase of the fractions P2, P3 and P4. The studied phytosterol were removed from the effluent at concentrations up to 2 mg/L in percentages close to 100% mainly by adsorption in the case of the AL and by a combining adsorption and mainly degradation in the AS. The BOD(5) concentration in the effluent of both systems fulfilled the requirements of the Chilean regulations for effluent discharge indicating the feasibility of aerobic treatment of this kind of effluents.

Toxicidad aguda de precursores de compuestos con actividad hormonal tratados mediante sistemas biológicos

El objetivo del trabajo fué evaluar la toxicidad aguda de un efluente proveniente de la industria de celulosa, tratado mediante laguna aireada, lodo activado y precursores de compuestos con actividad hormonal (fitoesteroles)

Toxicidad aguda de precursores de compuestos con actividad hormonal tratados mediante sistemas biológicos

El objetivo del trabajo fué evaluar la toxicidad aguda de un efluente proveniente de la industria de celulosa, tratado mediante laguna aireada, lodo activado y precursores de compuestos con actividad hormonal (fitoesteroles)

Anaerobic biodegradation of sterols contained in kraft mill effluents.

Bleached kraft mill requires large quantities of water and chemicals reactives and generates effluents containing active organic compounds. Specifically, hormonal changes in fish and their communities have been demonstrated, which could be attributed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contained in kraft mill effluents. This chronic toxicity is attributable to extractive compounds, such as resin acids, sterols, and fatty acids. The goal of this work is to evaluate the methanogenic toxicity and anaerobic biodegradation of stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. A continuously anaerobic filter (AF) was used for the anaerobic biodegradation of stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. Three phases were evaluated. In phase I, an elementary chlorine-free bleached kraft mill effluent was fed to the reactor whereas in phases II and III, the effluent was supplemented with increasing stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol concentrations. The AF displays high performance in biological oxygen demand (BOD5) removal (up to 94%); however, only 50% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed. Simultaneously, the AF system shows a great ability to remove beta-sitosterols (77-100%) and stigmasterols (87-95%). No negative effect on the methanogenic activity inhibition was shown by beta-sitoesterols and stigmasterol. However, a mixture of beta-sitosterols and stigmasterols (ratio 1:1) caused a less than 10% reduction in methanogenic activity.

Análise "in vitro" da resistência de união da resina composta à dentina tratada com diferentes sistemas adesivos / \"In vitro\" evaluation of the bond strength of composite resin to dentin treated with differents types of adhesives systems

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar "in vitro" a força de união da resina composta à dentina tratada com quatro adesivos dentinários, sendo dois sistemas universais simplificados (G1 - Prime & Bond NT/Dentsply, G2 - Single Bond/3M) e dois auto-condicionantes (G3-AdheSE/Vivadenta, G4-Adper Prompt L-Pop/3M). Para a realização deste estudo, foram selecionados 20 terceiros molares humanos íntegros e livres de cárie, que tiveram suas superfícies oclusais cortadas em 3mm. Após o corte, cada grupo de dentes receberam seus respectivos sistemas de tratamento adesivo, pré-selecionados. Todas as amostras de dentes foram restauradas com a resina composta Tetric Ceram/IvoclarVivadent, termocicladas em 550 ciclos e cortadas. Dessa forma, obtendo-se espécimes de 1,0mm2 +- 0,1mm2 que foram levados a uma Máquina de Teste Universal onde foi realizado o ensaio de microtração. Os tipos de fraturas foram analisados, mediante microscopia óptica (40X) e as fraturas mais representativas foram levadas à microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que os sistemas universais simplificados (G1 e G2) apresentaram valores de resistência de união mais elevados do que os sistemas auto-condicionantes (G3 e G4). A maioria das fraturas encontradas foram do tipo adesiva para os grupos G3 e G4, enquanto nos grupos G1 e G2 87 percento dos modos de fraturas foram distribuídas entre adesivas e coesivas da resina.