[Expression of Zfx in mouse testicular spermatogenic cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Zfx gene in spermatogenic cells. METHODS: The testes of d6, d8, d17 and adult mice were collected, single cell suspension was prepared by combinatorial enzyme digestion, spermatogenic cells were isolated by BSA density gradient method, and Zfx expression was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot (WB). RESULTS: Single cell suspension prepared by combination enzyme digestion method and density gradient method laid with BSA can obtain various types of spermatogenic cells with purity>85%; The expression level of the Zfx gene is low in primitive type A spermatogonia, type A spermatogonia, and type B spermatogonia, whereas it is high in preleptotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and round spermatid cells. It is not expressed in elongating spermatids and mature sperm. CONCLUSION: Zfx gene exhibits periodic expression in various levels of spermatogenic cells and may be an important transcription factor involved in regulating meiosis in spermatogenic cells.

Sex control by Zfy siRNA in the dairy cattle.

Zinc-finger Y is located in the short arm of the Y-chromosome and is a highly conserved gene that plays an important role in spermatogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of silencing the Zfy gene during spermatogenesis on Y-sperm formation and offspring sex determination in Bos taurus cattle. Three recombinant expression vectors pLL3.7/a, pLL3.7/b and pLL3.7/c were evaluated and only pLL3.7/a effectively silenced the Zfy gene. The pLL3.7/a recombinant expression vector was injected into bull testes, using three injections. Semen was collected and preserved by extending and freezing. The frozen semen was subsequently used in artificial insemination of cows during a breeding season in accordance with the production plan on the farm where the experiment was conducted. Results showed that, after exposure to pLL3.7/a, sperm motility decreased (P < 0.01), but the sperm density was similar (p > 0.05) to the non-treated control semen. Injection of pLL3.7/a resulted in 72.0% female offspring, and was greater than the 49.4% female calves in the control (P ＜ 0.01), Results from this research suggests that the Zfy gene plays a role in the process of Y-sperm formation, and Zfy siRNA is a potential useful approach to control sex of offspring in cattle.

A genetic method for sex determination in Ovis spp. by interruption of the zinc finger protein, Y-linked (ZFY) gene on the Y chromosome.

The mammalian Y chromosome plays a critical role in spermatogenesis. However, the exact functions of each gene on the Y chromosome have not been completely elucidated, due, in part, to difficulties in gene targeting analysis of the Y chromosome. The zinc finger protein, Y-linked (ZFY) gene was first proposed to be a sex determination factor, although its function in spermatogenesis has recently been elucidated. Nevertheless, ZFY gene targeting analysis has not been performed to date. In the present study, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to generate ZFY-interrupted Hu sheep by injecting short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into round spermatids. The resulting spermatozoa exhibited abnormal sperm morphology, including spermatozoa without tails and others with head and tail abnormalities. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that ZFY mRNA expression was decreased significantly in Hu sheep with interrupted ZFY compared with wild-type Hu sheep. The sex ratio of lambs also exhibited a bias towards females. Together, the experimental strategy and findings of the present study reveal that ZFY also functions in spermatogenesis in Hu sheep and facilitate the use of RNAi in the control of sex in Hu sheep.

Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of red deer subspecies in XinJiang, China.

Polymorphisms for seven microsatellite loci in three red deer subspecies (9 populations) found in XinJiang were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 12% nondenaturation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the Sanguinetti silver staining method. Numbers of alleles, average effective numbers of alleles (E) and the average rate of homozygosity, allelic frequencies of seven microsatellite loci, polymorphism information content (PIC), mean heterozygosity (H) and genetic distances among the populations were calculated for each population. Dendrograms were constructed based on genetic distances by the neighbor-joining method (NJ), utilizing molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software PHYLIP (3.6). The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on allelic frequencies using maximum likelihood (ML); the bootstrap value was estimated by bootstrap test in the tree. Lastly, phylogenesis was analyzed. The results showed that four of the seven microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, but BMS2508 and Celjp0023 showed no polymorphism and BM5004 was a neutral polymorphism. It is our conclusion that the four microsatellite loci are effective DNA markers for the analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among the three red deer subspecies. The mean PIC, H and E-values across the microsatellite loci were 0.5393, 0.5736 and 2.64, which showed that these microsatellite loci are effective DNA markers for the genetic analysis of red deer. C.e. songaricus populations from Regiment 104, 151 and Hami are clustered together. C.e. yarkandensis populations from Regiment 35, Xaya and Alaer are clustered together. These two clusters also cluster together. Lastly, C.e. sibiricus populations from Burqin, Regiment 188 and the first two clusters were clustered together. The phylogenetic relationship among different red deer populations is consistent with the known origin, history of breeding and geographic distributions of populations.

[The developmental patterns of GH-R, IGF-1 and IGF-IR gene expression in sheep skin].

Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was applied to investigate the developmental patterns of GH-R, IGF-1 and IGF-IR mRNA expression in skin of two sheep breeds. One breed was the first filial generation (F1) of Romilly Hillys x Merino of China (Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation line) wool sheep, and the other was Kazak hair sheep. 18S rRNA was used as the internal standard. Sheep were weighed and wool and skin samples were collected at different times. Results showed that body weight increased rapidly during 30-135 days but slowed during 135-255 days. Wool growth increased gradually during 30-135 days, degreased till 180 days of age, but rebounded thereafter. Overall, body weight and developmental patterns of wool growth was not significant different between hair and wool sheep. GH-R mRNA expression in the skin of hair sheep increased significantly during 30-90 days, peaked at 90 days of age (P<0.05), then declined signifi cantly (P<0.05). GH-R mRNA expression in the skin of wool sheep increased significantly until 135 days of age (P<0.01) and then decreased significantly (P<0.01). The peak level was higher in the wool sheep than the hair sheep. The expression of cantly IGF-1 mRNA and IGF-IR mRNA in the skin of hair sheep increased during 30-90 days, then declined significantly (P<0.01). The expression of IGF-1 mRNA and IGF-IR mRNA in the skin of wool sheep were high at birth and then reduced gradually. The IGF-1 mRNA expression in the skin of hair sheep reached its peak at 90 days of age, and was significant higher than that of wool sheep. The expression of GH-R, IGF-1 and IGF-IR mRNA in skin of hair sheep was higher than that of wool sheep before 90 days of age, but was lower after that. The results suggest that GH-R, IGF-1 and IGF-IR mRNA expression in the skin of sheep follows specific developmental patterns, and different patterns exist between the two breeds.