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1.
Exp Appl Acarol ; 72(3): 229-244, 2017 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28656486

ABSTRACT

The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, is one of the most economically and globally destructive mite pests of citrus. Acaricide resistance has been a growing problem in controlling this pest. As the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in organisms, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized from the amino acid glutamate by the action of glutamate decarboxylases (GADs). In the present study, one novel GAD gene, PcGAD, was identified and characterized from P. citri. The opening reading frame of PcGAD contained 1548 nucleotides that encode 515 amino acids. The subsequent spatiotemporal expression pattern by RT-qPCR revealed that the expression levels of PcGAD were significantly higher in larvae than in adults. Challenging with various concentrations of abamectin resulted in the upregulation of PcGAD transcript levels. Furthermore, biochemical characterization indicated that changes in GAD activity coincided with its mRNA levels. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the GABA contents of P. citri increased upon abamectin treatment. The application of abamectin induces PcGAD expression and activates GAD activity, thereby resulting in an increase in GABA content in P. citri, which contributes to the adaptability of the mite to abamectin challenge.


Subject(s)
Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism , Ivermectin/analogs & derivatives , Tetranychidae , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism , Animals , Glutamate Decarboxylase/drug effects , Ivermectin/pharmacology
2.
Apoptosis ; 22(6): 769-776, 2017 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28386751

ABSTRACT

Aristolochic acid nephropathy remains a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), however few treatment strategies exist. Emerging evidence has shown that H2 relaxin (RLX) possesses powerful antifibrosis and anti-apoptotic properties, therefore we aimed to investigate whether H2 relaxin can be employed to reduce AA-induced cell apoptosis. Human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells exposed to AA-I were treated with or without administration of H2 RLX. Cell viability was examined using the WST-8 assay. Apoptotic morphologic alterations were observed using the Hoechst 33342 staining method. Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. The expression of caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, ERK1/2, Bax, Bcl-2, and Akt proteins was determined by Western blot. Co-treatment with RLX reversed the increased apoptosis observed in the AA-I only treated group. RLX restored expression of phosphorylated Akt which found to be decreased in the AA-I only treated cells. RLX co-treatment led to a decrease in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio as well as the cleaved form of caspase-3 compared to the AA-I only treated cells. This anti-apoptotic effect of RLX was attenuated by co-administration of the Akt inhibitor LY294002. The present study demonstrated H2 RLX can decrease AA-I induced apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.


Subject(s)
Apoptosis/drug effects , Aristolochic Acids/toxicity , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Kidney Tubules/pathology , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Relaxin/pharmacology , Caspases/metabolism , Cell Line , Cell Shape/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Humans , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Signal Transduction/drug effects , bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
3.
J Proteomics ; 158: 9-19, 2017 03 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28219754

ABSTRACT

Abamectin is a microbial-derived pesticide widely used for control of agricultural pests. However, sustained use of abamectin has led to the development of resistance in some target species. Previous studies on arthropod resistance to abamectin have mainly used traditional biochemical and molecular approaches. To understand the responses of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, exposed to abamectin, comparative proteomic analysis was conducted using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). A total of 26 distinct protein spots were present in response to abamectin exposure. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) identified 16 proteins that were mainly involved in energy metabolism and detoxification. Some remaining proteins were not identifiable, suggesting that they may be novel. The expression levels of transcripts associated with proteins were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, to validate the proteomic data obtained in the present study, Western-blot experiment was performed and the expression of sHsp and PcE1 proteins were confirmed, respectively. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The citrus red mite has developed resistance to many acaricides, including abamectin. In the current study, we used the proteomic approaches involving 2-DE, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), and MS/MS to document changes in adult P. citri during 24h of abamectin exposure. Abamectin stress induced a total of 16 differentially regulated proteins. The proteomic results were validated in mRNA expression patterns using qRT-PCR. This is the first analysis of differentially expressed proteins in P. citri exposed to abamectin. The results help clarify the physiological mechanisms of P. citri responses to abamectin exposure.


Subject(s)
Arthropod Proteins/metabolism , Ivermectin/analogs & derivatives , Mites/metabolism , Proteomics/methods , Acari , Animals , Ivermectin/pharmacology
4.
Onco Targets Ther ; 9: 4645-52, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27555785

ABSTRACT

Long noncoding RNAs have been documented as having widespread roles in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. However, roles of long noncoding RNAs in osteosarcoma remain unclear. This study is to investigate the clinical relevance and biological functions of long noncoding RNA 91H in osteosarcoma. Herein, we confirmed that 91H expression was notably increased in osteosarcoma patients and cell lines compared to healthy controls and normal human bone cell lines. High expression of 91H was significantly correlated with advanced clinical stage, chemotherapy after surgery, and tumor size >5 cm. Furthermore, 91H was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in osteosarcoma patients after treatments. Additionally, the knockdown of 91H expression inhibited osteosarcoma cells' proliferation and promoted their apoptosis in vitro. In summary, these findings indicate that 91H may be a novel biomarker for risk prognostication and also provide a clue to the molecular etiology of osteosarcoma.

5.
Pestic Biochem Physiol ; 132: 72-80, 2016 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27521916

ABSTRACT

The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), a major citrus pest distributed worldwide, has been found to be resistant to various insecticides and acaricides used in China. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with the abamectin resistance in this species have not yet been reported. In this study, results showed over-expression of a novel glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) gene (PcGSTm5) in abamectin-resistant P. citri. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the transcripts of PcGSTm5 were also significantly up-regulated after exposure to abamectin and the maximum mRNA expression level at nymphal stage. The recombinant protein of PcGSTm5-pET-28a produced by Escherichia coli showed a pronounced activity toward the conjugates of 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and glutathione (GSH). The kinetics of CDNB and GSH and its optimal pH and thermal stability were also determined. Reverse genetic study through a new method of leaf-mediated dsRNA feeding further support a link between the expression of PcGSTm5 and abamectin resistance. However, no direct evidence was found in metabolism or inhibition assays to confirm the hypothesis that PcGSTm5 can metabolize abamectin. Finally, it is here speculated that PcGSTm5 may play a role in abamectin detoxification through other pathway such as the antioxidant protection.


Subject(s)
Acaricides , Glutathione Transferase/genetics , Ivermectin/analogs & derivatives , Tetranychidae/genetics , Animals , Biological Assay , Drug Resistance , Female , Genes/genetics , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Tetranychidae/drug effects , Tetranychidae/enzymology
6.
FEBS Open Bio ; 6(6): 558-65, 2016 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27419058

ABSTRACT

Published evidence on the prognostic significance of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is controversial. We performed an updated meta-analysis from 12 reports with 5021 patients to more accurately evaluate the prognostic value of LMR in DLBCL. Herein, we confirmed that patients with low LMR had shorter overall survival and progression-free survival than those with high LMR in DLBCL. Subgroup analyses indicated that patient source, cut-off values of LMR, treatment methods, and sample size showed similar prognostic performance in DLBCL patients. No significant heterogeneity was observed for progression-free survival (PFS, P (het) = 0.192) among the enrolled studies. The meta-analysis suggests that the LMR may be a potential biomarker in the prediction of clinical outcomes for DLBCL patients.

7.
Exp Appl Acarol ; 70(1): 1-15, 2016 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27388447

ABSTRACT

Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that are required for chitin degradation and reconstruction in arthropods. In this study, we report a cDNA sequence encoding a putative chitinase (PcCht1) from the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. The PcCht1 (564 aa) possessed a signal peptide, a conserver domain, and a chitin-binding domain. Structural and phylogenetic analyses found that PcCht1 had high sequence similarity to chitinases in Tetranychus urticae. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses showed that the transcript levels of PcCht1 peaked periodically in larval and nymph stages. Moreover, significant increase of PcCht1 transcript level in the larvae was observed upon the exposure of diflubenzuron. In contrast, exposures of the larvae to diflubenzuron resulted in the decreased chitin content. Furthermore, through a feeding-based RNA interference approach, we were able to reduce the PcCht1 transcript level by 59.7 % in the larvae, and consequently the treated larvae showed a very low molting rate compared with the control. Our results expanded the understanding of the important role of PcCht1 in the growth and development of P. citri.


Subject(s)
Arthropod Proteins/genetics , Chitinases/genetics , Metamorphosis, Biological , RNA Interference , Tetranychidae/growth & development , Tetranychidae/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Arthropod Proteins/metabolism , Base Sequence , Chitinases/metabolism , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary/genetics , Larva/genetics , Larva/growth & development , Larva/metabolism , Nymph/genetics , Nymph/growth & development , Nymph/metabolism , Phylogeny , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Tetranychidae/enzymology
8.
Onco Targets Ther ; 9: 2759-67, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27274272

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Inflammation has been reported to be involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. This study was designed to explore the prognostic significance of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients after treatment. METHODS: The retrospective study consisted of 985 patients with ccRCC who had undergone nephrectomy from 2005 to 2010 at multiple centers. The patients were divided into four groups using a quartile of LMR or CRP, and their associations with clinical characteristics and outcome were systematically estimated. RESULTS: Both low LMR and high CRP significantly diminished overall survival (OS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) in patients with ccRCC. Further investigation indicated that LMR and CRP were independent prognostic factors of both OS and MFS. Integration of LMR and CRP into a predictive model, including significant variables in multivariate analysis, established a nomogram to predict accurately the 3- and 5-year survival for nonmetastatic patients with ccRCC. CONCLUSION: LMR and CRP represent independent prognostic factors of OS and MFS for patients with ccRCC. Incorporation of LMR and CRP into the traditional TNM staging system may improve their predictive performance.

9.
World J Surg Oncol ; 14: 127, 2016 Apr 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27125872

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory response markers have been proposed to predict the clinical outcomes in various cancers. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) on the prognosis of osteosarcoma. METHODS: Three hundred fifty-nine patients who underwent curative surgery for osteosarcoma were enrolled from 2005 to 2010. NLR and PLR were calculated from peripheral blood cell counts taken at pre-treatment. Optimal cutoff values of NLR and PLR were determined on the basis of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. A predictive model was established to predict the clinical outcome for overall survival, and the predictive accuracy of this model was determined by concordance index (c-index). RESULTS: Our results showed that advanced stage and metastasis at diagnosis were significantly associated with the high NLR and PLR groups. NLR was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival (HR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.35-2.41, P < 0.001) and progression-free survival (HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.26-2.15, P < 0.001), except for PLR. The nomogram could perform well in the prediction of overall survival in patients with osteosarcoma (c-index 0.829). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that both NLR and PLR can reflect clinical prognosis. NLR is more predictive of overall survival and progression-free survival than PLR.


Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/secondary , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Blood Platelets/pathology , Bone Neoplasms/pathology , Lymphocytes/pathology , Neutrophils/pathology , Osteosarcoma/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/surgery , Adult , Aged , Bone Neoplasms/surgery , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Lymphatic Metastasis , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Osteosarcoma/surgery , Preoperative Care , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Survival Rate , Young Adult
10.
Exp Appl Acarol ; 67(1): 49-63, 2015 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26063404

ABSTRACT

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a family of enzymes with multiple isoforms that possess antioxidative abilities in response to environmental stresses. Panonychus citri is one of the most important pest mites and has a global distribution. In this study, three distinct isoforms of SOD were cloned from P. citri and identified as cytoplasmic Cu-ZnSOD (PcSOD1), extracellular Cu-ZnSOD (PcSOD2), and mitochondrial MnSOD (PcSOD3). mRNA expression level analysis showed that all three isoforms were up-regulated significantly after exposure to the acaricide abamectin and to UV-B ultraviolet irradiation. In particular, PcSOD3 was up-regulated under almost all environmental stresses tested. The fold change of PcSOD3 expression was significantly higher than those of the two Cu-ZnSOD isoforms. Taken together, the results indicate that abamectin and UV-B can induce transcripts of all three SOD isoforms in P. citri. Furthermore, PcSOD3 seems to play a more important role in P. citri tolerance to oxidative stress.


Subject(s)
Arthropod Proteins/genetics , Superoxide Dismutase/genetics , Tetranychidae/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Arthropod Proteins/metabolism , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary/genetics , DNA, Complementary/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Sequence Alignment , Stress, Physiological , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Tetranychidae/metabolism
11.
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi ; 40(5): 957-62, 2015 Mar.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26087563

ABSTRACT

To study the protective effect of Arctigenin in goto-kakizaki (GK) rats combined with hypertension macroangiopathy. Six-week-old GK rats were divided randomly according to blood glucose level into four groups: the model group and low, middle and high dose arctigenin groups (12.5, 25, 50 mg x kg(-1)), with Wistar rats as the normal group. All of GK rats were given high-glucose and high-fat diet. After 16 weeks, GK rats were orally administrated with 10 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) N-Ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester for eight weeks. During the modeling, all of arctigenin groups were orally administrated with different dose of arctigenin twice a day; The model group and the normal group were given solvents. At the beginning, mid-term and end of the experiment, blood glucose was measured. At the end of the experiment, efforts were made to detect blood pressure, collect abdominal aortic blood after anesthesia, fix thoracic aorta after bloodletting to make paraffin sections, observe morphological characteristics and detect the expression of VEGF by immunohistochemistry. According to the results, the blood glucose rose in all GK rats, with no significant difference between the drug group and the model group. At the end of the experiment, the blood pressure significantly increased in GK rats, indicating that Arctigenin could notably reduce the blood pressure in GK rats in a dose-dependent manner. The blood routine test showed increases in both the total white blood cell count and differential blood count, MPV and PDW, abnormal blood platelet parameters and decrease in PLT in GK rats, suggesting that Arctigenin could remarkably reduce the total white blood cell count and differential blood count, MPV and PDW. The thoracic aortic morphological observation revealed obvious endangium lesions in GK rats, demonstrating that Arctigenin could ameliorate the lesion extent. VEGF immumohistochemical staining showed a higher VEGF expression in the model group but lower expression in Arctigenin groups. In conclusion, Arctigenin had a protective effect on aorta in GK rats. Its mechanism may be related to blood pressure lowering, anti-inflammation, improvement in blood platelet function and reduction of VEGF expression.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage , Furans/administration & dosage , Hypertension/prevention & control , Lignans/administration & dosage , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Hypertension/etiology , Hypertension/metabolism , Hypertension/physiopathology , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar
12.
Int J Mol Sci ; 16(3): 4759-73, 2015 Mar 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25739087

ABSTRACT

The production and uptake of yolk protein play an important role in the reproduction of all oviparous organisms. Vitellogenin (Vg) is the precursor of vitellin (Vn), which is the major egg storage protein, and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) is a necessary protein for the uptake of Vg into developing oocytes. In this paper, we characterize the full-length Vg and VgR, PcVg1 and PcVgR, respectively, of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor). The PcVg1 cDNA is 5748 nucleotides (nt) with a 5553-nt open reading frame (ORF) coding for 1851 amino acids (aa), and the PcVgR is 6090 nt, containing an intact ORF of 5673 nt coding an expected protein of 1891 aa. The PcVg1 aa sequence shows a typical GLCG domain and several K/RXXR cleavage sites, and PcVgR comprises two ligand-binding domains, two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like regions containing YWTD motifs, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. An analysis of the aa sequences and phylogenetics implied that both genes were genetically distinct from those of ticks and insects. The transcriptional profiles determined by real-time quantitative PCR in different developmental stages showed that both genes present the same expressional tendencies in eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults. This suggested that the biosynthesis and uptake of PcVg occurs coordinately. The strong reproductive capacity of P. citri has been hypothesized as an important factor in its resistance; consequently, understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating Vg and VgR are fundamental for mite control.


Subject(s)
Egg Proteins , Receptors, Cell Surface , Tetranychidae/genetics , Tetranychidae/metabolism , Vitellogenins , Amino Acid Motifs , Animals , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary/chemistry , DNA, Complementary/metabolism , Egg Proteins/genetics , Egg Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Larva/genetics , Phylogeny , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , Tetranychidae/classification , Tetranychidae/growth & development , Vitellogenins/genetics , Vitellogenins/metabolism
13.
Pest Manag Sci ; 71(2): 266-77, 2015 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24753229

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is regarded as one of the most serious citrus pests in many countries and has developed high resistance to pyrethroids as a result of the intensive use of these acaricides. RESULTS: The para sodium channel gene of P. citri (named PcNav ), containing an entire coding region of 6729 bp, was cloned in this study. Three alternative splicing sites and 12 potential RNA editing sites were identified in PcNav . Thus, exons alt 1 and alt 3-v3 were found to be unique to PcNav . Comparison of field fenpropathrin-resistant (WZ) and susceptible (LS) strains identified the point mutation F1538I in IIIS6 of the sodium channel, which is known to confer strong resistance to pyrethroids in mites. Moreover, it was also found that the PcNav mRNA was present during all life stages, and the transcript seems to be more abundant in larvae than in other developmental stages. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the F1538I mutation plays an important role in fenpropathrin resistance in citrus red mites. This is the first study of the sodium channel in P. citri and provides abundant information for further research on the mechanism of pyrethroid resistance.


Subject(s)
Acaricides/pharmacology , Arthropod Proteins/genetics , Pyrethrins/pharmacology , Sodium Channels/genetics , Tetranychidae/drug effects , Tetranychidae/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Arthropod Proteins/metabolism , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary/genetics , DNA, Complementary/metabolism , Drug Resistance , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , Larva/drug effects , Molecular Sequence Data , Nymph/drug effects , Phylogeny , Point Mutation/drug effects , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Sequence Alignment , Sodium Channels/metabolism , Tetranychidae/metabolism
14.
Int J Mol Sci ; 15(3): 3711-28, 2014 Feb 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24590130

ABSTRACT

Chitin synthase synthesizes chitin, which is critical for the arthropod exoskeleton. In this study, we cloned the cDNA sequences of a chitin synthase 1 gene, PcCHS1, in the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), which is one of the most economically important pests of citrus worldwide. The full-length cDNA of PcCHS1 contains an open reading frame of 4605 bp of nucleotides, which encodes a protein of 1535 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 175.0 kDa. A phylogenetic analysis showed that PcCHS1 was most closely related to CHS1 from Tetranychus urticae. During P. citri development, PcCHS1 was constantly expressed in all stages but highly expressed in the egg stage (114.8-fold higher than in the adult). When larvae were exposed to diflubenzuron (DFB) for 6 h, the mite had a significantly high mortality rate, and the mRNA expression levels of PcCHS1 were significantly enhanced. These results indicate a promising use of DFB to control P. citri, by possibly acting as an inhibitor in chitin synthesis as indicated by the up-regulation of PcCHS1 after exposure to DFB.


Subject(s)
Arthropod Proteins/genetics , Chitin Synthase/genetics , Diflubenzuron/pharmacology , Mites/drug effects , Up-Regulation/drug effects , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Arthropod Proteins/classification , Base Sequence , Chitin Synthase/classification , Citrus/parasitology , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary/chemistry , DNA, Complementary/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Larva/drug effects , Larva/genetics , Larva/physiology , Mites/genetics , Mites/physiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
15.
Int J Mol Sci ; 14(12): 24255-70, 2013 Dec 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24351815

ABSTRACT

The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is a global citrus pest, and has developed severe resistance to several types of acaricides. However, the molecular mechanisms of resistance in this mite remain unknown. In this study, seven full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) genes were identified and characterized in P. citri. The effects of pyridaben and fenpropathrin exposure on the expression of these genes were also investigated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the seven GSTs genes in P. citri cloned in this study belong to three different cytosolic classes, including four in mu, two in delta and one in zeta. Among these seven GSTs genes, the relative expression level of PcGSTm1 was significantly higher in adult than in the other life stages (egg, larvae and nymph). Compared with the control, the mRNA levels of the seven GST genes did not change significantly following exposure to pyridaben at LC10. However, RT-qPCR results showed that, when exposed to LC10 of fenpropathrin, six GSTs gene (PcGSTm1, PcGSTm3, PcGSTm4, PcGSTd1, PcGSTd2 and PcGSTz1) transcripts increased in a time-dependent manner. This is the first insight into the molecular characteristics of GSTs gene cDNAs in P. citri. The elevated GSTs gene transcripts following exposure to fenpropathrin might be one of the mechanisms involved in detoxification of this acaricide.


Subject(s)
Glutathione Transferase/genetics , Mites/enzymology , Mites/genetics , Acaricides/metabolism , Acaricides/toxicity , Animals , Base Sequence , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Mites/classification , Mites/growth & development , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , Pyrethrins/metabolism , Pyrethrins/toxicity , Pyridazines/metabolism , Pyridazines/toxicity , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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