ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the run and distribution of penile deep veins and to evaluate the application of the findings to penile vein ligating operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We dissected the penises of 28 formalin-preserved male adult cadavers, whose health condition, penile erection condition when alive, exact age and cause of death were unknown, and recorded the number and location of the cavernous and crural veins and their relationship with the surrounding important organs and tissues.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cavernous veins emerged from the dorsal groove of the fixed segment, ran proximately in the dorsal groove, branched into two and drained into either side of the internal pudendal vein respectively, with the internal pudendal artery-cavernous artery-dorsal artery system running laterally and superficially. All the cavernous veins had communications with the periprostatic venous plexus. In the 56 crura of the 28 specimens, there were 250 crural veins, 76 in 42 sides (75.0%) traveling medial to the internal pudendal artery-cavernous artery-dorsal artery system.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The penile deep venous system is structurally complicated, extensively connected with the surrounding veins and closely related to the surrounding organs, which makes it very difficult to ligate all the deep veins and avoid damage to the cavernous arteries and nerves in vein-involved surgery.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Penile Erection , Penis , VeinsABSTRACT
Terpenoids serve as both constitutive and inducible defense chemicals in many plant species, and volatile terpenes participate in plant a indirect defense by attracting natural enemies of the herbivores. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) genome contains about 50 genes encoding putative terpene synthases (TPSs). Here we report that two of the rice sesquiterpene synthase genes, OsTPS3 and OsTPS13, encode (E)-beta-caryophyllene synthase and (E,E)-farnesol synthase, respectively. In vitro, the recombinant protein of OsTPS3 catalyzed formation of (E)-beta-caryophyllene and several other sesquiterpenes, including beta-elemene and alpha-humulene, all being components of inducible volatiles of rice plants. The transcript levels of OsTPS3 exhibit a circadian rhythm of fluctuation, and its expression was also greatly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). In addition, expression of OsTPS3 in transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in emitting high quantities of OsTPS3 products. We also overexpressed OsTPS3 in rice plants which then produced more (E)-beta-caryophyllene after MeJA treatment. Finally, we found that the MeJA-treated transgenic rice plants attracted more parasitoid wasps of Anagrus nilaparvatae than the wild-type. These results demonstrate that OsTPS3, an enzyme catalyzing the formation of volatile sesquiterpenes, plays a role in indirect defense of rice plants.
