How the energy technology influences the total factor of energy efficiency?: evidence from China.

Technological progress is of great importance to total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE). However, previous research has not narrowed technological progress into the energy field, generating rough and ambiguous empirical evidence for policymakers. In addition, technological progress is often discussed from a conventional perspective as a whole, ignoring its heterogeneity and spillover effect between regions. This study applies the stock of energy patents to reflect the effect of technological progress in the energy field on TFEE at first. The dynamic models are then employed to investigate if and how technological progress influences TFEE from the conventional and spatial perspectives for China's over the period of 2000-2016. The conventional analysis shows that energy technology is of great importance to TFEE. However, the creation-type of technology coming from businesses specifically is shown to have more success in enhancing TFEE than other types of energy technology. Further evidence coming from the spatial econometrics demonstrates that technology spillovers across regions are rather common and have significant effects on TFEE.

Liver cell therapies: cellular sources and grafting strategies.

The liver has a complex cellular composition and a remarkable regenerative capacity. The primary cell types in the liver are two parenchymal cell populations, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, that perform most of the functions of the liver and that are helped through interactions with non-parenchymal cell types comprising stellate cells, endothelia and various hemopoietic cell populations. The regulation of the cells in the liver is mediated by an insoluble complex of proteins and carbohydrates, the extracellular matrix, working synergistically with soluble paracrine and systemic signals. In recent years, with the rapid development of genetic sequencing technologies, research on the liver's cellular composition and its regulatory mechanisms during various conditions has been extensively explored. Meanwhile breakthroughs in strategies for cell transplantation are enabling a future in which there can be a rescue of patients with end-stage liver diseases, offering potential solutions to the chronic shortage of livers and alternatives to liver transplantation. This review will focus on the cellular mechanisms of liver homeostasis and how to select ideal sources of cells to be transplanted to achieve liver regeneration and repair. Recent advances are summarized for promoting the treatment of end-stage liver diseases by forms of cell transplantation that now include grafting strategies.

Mouse Models of Liver Parenchyma Injuries and Regeneration.

Mice have genetic and physiological similarities with humans and a well-characterized genetic background that is easy to manipulate. Murine models have become the most favored, robust mammalian systems for experimental analyses of biological processes and disease conditions due to their low cost, rapid reproduction, a wealth of mouse strains with defined genetic conditions (both native ones as well as ones established experimentally), and high reproducibility with respect to that which can be done in experimental studies. In this review, we focus on murine models for liver, an organ with renown regenerative capacity and the organ most central to systemic, complex metabolic and physiological functions for mammalian hosts. Establishment of murine models has been achieved for all aspects of studies of normal liver, liver diseases, liver injuries, and regenerative repair mechanisms. We summarize key information on current mouse systems that partially model facets of clinical scenarios, particularly those associated with drug-induced acute or chronic liver injuries, dietary related, non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis virus infectious chronic liver diseases, and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). In addition, we also include mouse models that are suitable for studying liver cancers (e.g., hepatocellular carcinomas), the aging process (senescence, apoptosis), and various types of liver injuries and regenerative processes associated with them.