ABSTRACT
The passivity of neural networks with a time-varying delay and norm-bounded parameter uncertainties is investigated in this paper. A complete delay-decomposing approach is employed to construct a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. Then, by utilizing a segmentation technique to consider the time-varying delay and its derivative and introducing some free-weighting matrices to express the relationship between the time-varying delay and its varying interval, some improved passivity criteria are derived. Finally, two numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness and the merits of the proposed method.
Subject(s)
Algorithms , Computer Simulation , Neural Networks, Computer , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The clinical data of 24 children with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) from 23 unrelated Chinese families were reviewed in the present study. WAS protein (WASP) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined by flow cytometry (FCM); WASP gene was amplified by PCR and directly sequenced to analyze mutations in the WASP gene in patients and their female relatives. FCM analysis of 21 patients showed that 18 cases were WASP-negative, and three had partially WASP expression. WASP gene analysis revealed mutations in 23 patients, including five missense mutations, four nonsense mutations, four deletion mutations, three insertion mutations, six splice site mutations, and one complex mutation, among which, 20 unique mutations were detected, including seven novel mutations (168 C>A, 747-748del T, 793-797del C, 1185 ins C, Dup 1251-1267, 1277 insA and 1266 C>G; 1267-1269del C). Five WAS children underwent stem cell transplantation. After 2 months of transplantation, WASP expression was restored to normal in all five patients whereas one patient died of cytomegalovirus-induced interstitial lung disease. WASP gene analysis can make a definite diagnosis of WAS and identify mutation carriers, beneficial for timely treatment and genetic counseling for children with WAS.
Subject(s)
Asian People , Family , Mutation , Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/genetics , Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome/genetics , Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome/physiopathology , Base Sequence , Child , Child, Preschool , Codon, Nonsense , Female , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Infant , Male , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis, Insertional , Mutation, Missense , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Sequence Deletion , Severity of Illness Index , Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome/diagnosis , Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome/immunology , Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/chemistry , Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Variations in position and relationship between the internal jugular vein (IJV) and the common carotid artery (CCA) may lead to inadvertent artery puncture which could be disastrous during central venous access. We demonstrated the anatomic relationship of the IJV with CCA in order to find the optimal site and avoid damage of CCA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and twenty surgical patients were enrolled. We analyzed the distance and relationship between the IJV and CCA at three cross sections (upper border of the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and second tracheal ring) by ultrasonography and then measured the diameters of the IJV and CCA and the distances from the IJV and CCA to the skin.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty patients were excluded on the basis of exclusion criteria. From up to down at bilateral neck, the IJV became gradually more superficial while the CCA became deeper. The diameter of the IJV became gradually larger while that of the CCA gradually smaller. The IJV from lateral to the CCA gradually moved to the front of the CCA, so the percent overlap of the IJV and CCA was gradually increased. Compared with the left side at the same transverse scan level, the distance between the CCA and IJV was wider at the right side and the right IJV was wider. The IJV location in 11 patients was medial to the CCA at one or more transverse scan levels. The angle between the IJV and CCA was significantly small in elderly patients. The CCA had already furcated at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage in seven patients at the right side and in 12 patients at the left side.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are variations in the position and relationship between the IJV and CCA. It is relatively more difficult to puncture at the left side of the neck, at a lower position or in elderly patients. On the contrary, it is relatively easier to puncture at the right side, at the level of the cricoid cartilage or in younger patients.</p>
