Plant polysaccharide-derived edible film packaging for instant food: Rapid dissolution in hot water coupled with exceptional mechanical and barrier characteristics.

A comprehensive multiscale analysis was conducted to explore the effects of different ratios of these materials on its properties. The results show that KC played a crucial role in controlling solution viscosity and gel and sol temperatures. The dissolution time at high water temperatures primarily decreased with an increase in SA content. Higher KC and CS content increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (ε), while also exhibiting better thermal stability. Water vapor transmission (WVT) and permeability (PV) initially decreased, then increased with the increase of SA and CS contents. Finally, an SA:KC:CS ratio of 1:3:2 showed optimal comprehensive properties, with a dissolution time of about 60.0 ± 3.8 s, TS of 23.80 ± 0.29 MPa, ε of 18.61 ± 0.34 %, WVT of 21.74 ± 0.62 g/m2·24h, and PV of 5.39 ± 0.17 meq/kg. Meanwhile, the SA:KC:CS edible food packaging only introduced minimal effects on food after dissolution, and the total bacterial count met regulatory standards.

Preparation, antibacterial activity, and structure-activity relationship of low molecular weight κ-carrageenan.

κ-Carrageenan (KC) is a polysaccharide widely used in food industry. It has been widely studied for its excellent physicochemical and beneficial properties. However, the high molecular weight and high viscosity of KC make it difficult to be absorbed and to exert its' biological activities, thus limit its extensive industrial application. In order to solve this problem, five low molecular weight κ-carrageenans (DCPs) were prepared by the degradation of KC using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AH2). The chemical compositions and structure characteristics of the DCPs were then determined. The results showed that H2O2 and AH2 could effectively degrade KC to DCPs, and DCPs remained the basic skeletal structure of KC. DCPs showed good antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of DCPs with the highest antibacterial effects were 5.25, 4.5, 5.25, and 4.5 mg/mL, respectively. This is due to the underlying mechanism of DCPs that bind to the bacterial membrane proteins and change the membrane permeability, thus exerting antibacterial activity. In addition, Spearman's rank correlation and Ridge regression analysis revealed that the molecular weight and the contents of 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose, aldehyde group, carboxyl, and sulfate were the main structural characteristics affecting the antibacterial activity. Our findings reveal that the H2O2-AH2 degradation treatment could significantly improve the antibacterial activity of KC and provide insights into the quantitative structure-activity relationships of the antibacterial activity of DCPs.

Multifunctional fish-skin collagen-based hydrogel sealant with dual-dynamic-bond cross-linked for rapid hemostasis and accelerated wound healing.

Collagen (COL) is the most widespread functional protein. Designing and developing dual-dynamic-bond cross-linked COL adhesive hydrogel sealants with multifunctional is highly advantageous for achieving a superior wound closure effect and hemostasis. In this study, we developed hybrid hydrogels consisting of fish-skin COL, oxidized sodium alginate (OSA), borax and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance full-thickness wound healing. The hydrogels were furnished with first-rate self-healing capabilities through the dual-dynamic-bond cross-linking of dynamic Schiff base bonds (COL-OSA) and diol boric acid bonds (OSA-borax) with reversible breakage and re-formation. Moreover, the incorporation of PVA stimulated the formation of hydrogen bonds in the system, bolstering the stability of the hydrogel framework. The prepared hydrogel manifests self-healing, injectability, multifunctional adhesiveness and biodegradability. In vivo assessment of the hemostatic capacity of COSP20 hydrogel was superior to gauze both in the mice liver injury model and mice tail amputation model. In addition, a full-thickness skin wound model in mice revealed that the COSP20 hydrogel facilitated faster wound closure by accelerating reepithelialization, COL deposition and angiogenesis. These findings illustrate the potential of hybrid fish-skin COL-based hydrogels to enhance wound healing and promote rapid tissue repair, and provide new possibilities for the effective utilization of marine fishery resources.

Exploring the Potential of Water-Soluble Squid Ink Melanin: Stability, Free Radical Scavenging, and Cd2+ Adsorption Abilities.

Squid ink melanin can be efficiently extracted from the byproduct ink sac generated during squid processing. As a natural food colorant, it possesses inherent antioxidant properties and the capability to adsorb heavy metals. This study aims to investigate the solubility of water-soluble squid ink melanin (WSSM) obtained from the ink sac, as well as its stability under various conditions including temperature, pH, salt, sugar, potassium sorbate, metal ions, sodium benzoate, sodium sulfite (reducing agent), and hydrogen peroxide (oxidizing agent). Moreover, it explores the scavenging effects of WSSM on free radicals and cadmium ions. The findings suggest that WSSM's stability is insignificantly affected by high temperature, sucrose, and salt. However, acidity, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly influence its stability. Most metal ions do not impact the stability of WSSM, except for Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+, which result in the precipitation of WSSM. Additionally, WSSM exhibits remarkable antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 0.91, 0.56, and 0.52 mg/mL for scavenging superoxide anion radicals (O2-·), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and DPPH radicals, respectively. It also demonstrates the ability to adsorb the heavy metal Cd2+, with the adsorption rate gradually increasing with a higher temperature and larger amounts of WSSM added. Infrared spectroscopy analysis reveals the weakening of characteristic peaks (-COOH and -OH) during the process of Cd2+ adsorption by WSSM, while SEM confirms surface roughening and structural damage after Cd2+ adsorption. This study provides valuable insights for the utilization of squid melanin products as natural antioxidants and heavy metal adsorbents in the food industry.

Preparation and potential antitumor activity of alginate oligosaccharides degraded by alginate lyase from Cobetia marina.

It is of great significance to develop marine resources and study its potential biological activity by using alginate lyase produced by marine psychrophilic bacteria. In the previous study, a new marine psychrophilic bacterium (Cobetia marina HQZ08) was screened from the growth area of Laminaria japonica, and it was found that the strain could efficiently produce alginate-degrading enzyme (Aly30). In this paper, the ability of Aly30 to degrade alginate was optimized and the optimal degradation conditions were obtained. It was found that the main degradation product of alginate oligosaccharides was trisaccharide. In vitro cell experiments showed that the antitumor activity of low molecular weight alginate oligosaccharides was better than that of high molecular weight alginate oligosaccharides. In summary, Aly30 had the potential to produce alginate oligosaccharides with low degree of polymerization and antitumor activity, which provided a reference for the enzymatic preparation and application of alginate oligosaccharides.

Sodium alginate/carboxymethyl starch/κ-carrageenan enteric soft capsule: Processing, characterization, and rupture time evaluation.

Although gelatin has good characteristics in preparing soft capsules, its noticeable shortcomings force researchers to further develop substitutes for gelatin soft capsules. In this paper, sodium alginate (SA), carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and κ-carrageenan (κ-C) were used as matrix materials, and the formula of the co-blended solutions was screened through rheological method. In addition, films of the different blends were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis, SEM, FTIR, X-ray, water contact angle and mechanical properties. The results showed that κ-C had strong interaction with CMS and SA, and the mechanical properties of capsule shell were greatly improved by the addition of κ-C. When the ratio of CMS/SA/κ-C was 2:0.5:1.5, the microstructure of the films was more dense and uniform. In addition, this formula had the best mechanical properties and adhesion properties, and was more suitable for the production of soft capsules. Finally, a novel plant soft capsule was successfully prepared by dropping method, and its appearance and rupture properties met the requirements of enteric soft capsules. In simulated intestinal fluid, the soft capsules were almost completely degraded within 15 min, and they were superior to the gelatin soft capsules. Therefore, this study provides an alternative formula for preparing enteric soft capsules.

Drying Process of HPMC-Based Hard Capsules: Visual Experiment and Mathematical Modeling.

Using plant-based polysaccharide gels to produce hard capsules is a novel application of this technology in the medicinal field, which has garnered significant attention. However, the current manufacturing technology, particularly the drying process, limits its industrialization. The work herein employed an advanced measuring technique and a modified mathematical model to get more insight into the drying process of the capsule. Low field magnetic resonance imaging (LF-MRI) technique is adopted to reveal the distribution of moisture content in the capsule during drying. Furthermore, a modified mathematical model is developed by considering the dynamic variation of the effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) according to Fick's second law, which enables accurate prediction of the moisture content of the capsule with a prediction accuracy of ±15%. The predicted Deff ranges from 3 × 10-10 to 7 × 10-10 m2·s-1, which has an irregular variation with a time extension. Moreover, as temperature increases or relative humidity decreases, there is an increased acceleration of moisture diffusion. The work provides a fundamental understanding of the drying process of the plant-based polysaccharide gel, which is crucial for enhancing the industrial preparation of the HPMC-based hard capsules.

Enhancing Pullulan Soft Capsules with a Mixture of Glycerol and Sorbitol Plasticizers: A Multi-Dimensional Study.

The plasticizer is crucial in the plant-based soft capsule. However, meeting the quality requirements of these capsules with a single plasticizer is challenging. To address this issue, this study first investigated the impact of a plasticizer mixture containing sorbitol and glycerol in varying mass ratios and the performance of the pullulan soft film and capsule. The multiscale analysis demonstrates that the plasticizer mixture exhibits superior effectiveness in enhancing the performance of the pullulan film/capsule compared to a single plasticizer. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy indicate that the plasticizer mixture enhances the compatibility and thermal stability of the pullulan films without altering their chemical composition. Among the different mass ratios examined, a 15:15 ratio of sorbitol to glycerol (S/G) is identified as the most optimal, leading to superior physicochemical properties and meeting the requirements for brittleness and disintegration time set by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. This study provides significant insights into the effect of the plasticizer mixture on the performance of pullulan soft capsules and offers a promising application formula for future use.

Theabrownin of raw and ripened pu-erh tea varies in the alleviation of HFD-induced obesity via the regulation of gut microbiota.

PURPOSE: Pu-erh tea can be classified into raw pu-erh tea and ripened pu-erh tea. Theabrownin (TB) is one of the major components of pu-erh tea. The difference of the anti-obesity activity between raw pu-erh tea TB (R-TB) and ripened pu-erh tea TB (F-TB) has not been comprehensively investigated yet. Therefore, this article aimed to systemically study the anti-obesity activity and the underlying mechanism of R-TB and F-TB. METHOD: High-fat diet (HFD)-induced C57BL/6J mice with obesity were gavaged with R-TB or F-TB to assess the effect of R-TB and F-TB on the amelioration of obesity, the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, and the regulation of gut flora imbalance. RESULTS: Administration of both R-TB and F-TB could suppress body weight gain, improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, regulate the lipid level and reduce the chronic inflammation in obese mice. The underlying anti-obesity mechanism of R-TB and F-TB might involve the regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis, amelioration of the gut microbiota disorder and promotion of microbial metabolism. Interestingly, R-TB was more efficient in the regulation of blood glucose, reduction of inflammation and suppression of partial adipogenesis-related genes and protein, while F-TB was more effective in the inhibition of lipolysis-related genes and protein. In addition, F-TB might be more effective in adjusting the dysbacteria caused by HFD back to normal by promoting the proliferation of the beneficial microbiota, such as Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. CONCLUSION: Taken together, both R-TB and F-TB had the potential to be developed as beneficial dietary supplements or functional foods for ameliorating obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, but their effects and the ability to regulate the intestinal flora varied.

Polysaccharide-based hydrogel with photothermal effect for accelerating wound healing.

Polysaccharide-based hydrogel has excellent biochemical function, abundant sources, good biocompatibility and other advantages, and has a broad application prospect in biomedical fields, especially in the field of wound healing. With its inherent high specificity and low invasive burden, photothermal therapy has shown great application prospect in preventing wound infection and promoting wound healing. Combining polysaccharide-based hydrogel with photothermal therapy (PTT), multifunctional hydrogel with photothermal, bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and tissue regeneration functions can be designed, so as to achieve better therapeutic effect. This review first focuses on the basic principles of hydrogel and PTT, and the types of polysaccharides that can be used to design hydrogels. In addition, according to the different materials that produce photothermal effects, the design considerations of several representative polysaccharide-based hydrogels are emphatically introduced. Finally, the challenges faced by polysaccharide-based hydrogels with photothermal properties are discussed, and the future prospects of this field are put forward.

Red blood cell membrane nanoparticles for tumor phototherapy.

Non-invasive phototherapy includes photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), and has garnered special interest in anti-tumor therapy. However, traditional photosensitizers or photothermal agents are faced with major challenges, including easy recognition by immune system, rapid clearance from blood circulation, and low accumulation in target sites. Combining the characteristics of natural cell membrane with the characteristics of photosensitizer or photothermal agent is an important technology to achieve the ideal therapeutic effect of cancer. Red cell membrane (RBMs) coated can disguise phototherapy agents as endogenous substances, thus constructing a new nano bionic therapeutic platform, resisting blood clearance and prolonging circulation time. At present, a variety of phototherapy agents based on Nano-RBMs have been isolated or designed. In this review, firstly, the basic principles of Nano-RBMs and phototherapy are expounded respectively. Then, the latest progress of Nano-RBMs for PDT, PTT and PDT/PTT applications in recent five years has been introduced respectively. Finally, the problems and challenges of Nano-RBMs in the field of phototherapy are put forward.

Neoagarotetraose alleviates high fat diet induced obesity via white adipocytes browning and regulation of gut microbiota.

Obesity is nowadays a serious public health issue. Neoagarotetraose (NA4) is a marine oligosaccharide produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of agar by ß-agarase. The present study is aimed to determine the effect of NA4 on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice and uncover the regulating role of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. The results showed that the intervention of NA4 significantly reduced the body weight gain, insulin resistance, hepatic adipose accumulation, serum lipid levels, oxidative damages, and inflammation responses in HFD-induced obese mice. NA4 also promoted lipolysis and browning of white adipose tissue, inhibit lipogenesis, and protect the integrity of gut barrier. Moreover, NA4 restructured the altered gut microbiota and enhanced the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces with compared with the HFD group. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that NA4 can relieve obesity by stimulating white adipose tissue browning, regulating intestinal flora, and promoting microbial metabolism.

Preparation and intrinsic kinetics study of the scale-up production of hydroxypropyl agar by heterogeneous hydroxypropylation reaction.

Hydroxypropylation is effective in modifying the structure and properties of agar. So far, the industrial scale-up production of hydroxypropylated agar has not been evaluated. Therefore, the large-scale production of the hydroxypropylation of agar using a heterogeneous reaction system was evaluated in the present this study. The structures and properties of the hydroxypropyl agar (HPA) product were measured and the intrinsic kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the large-scale HPA had good thermal stability, and lower viscosity, gelling temperature and melting temperature compared with those of agar. The SEM indicated that the improvement of solubility of HPA was not only due to the hydrophilic effect of hydroxypropyl group, but also due to the formation of cluster structure and grid structure. The characteristic of heterogeneous hydroxypropylation reaction were determined by preliminary kinetic experiments, which demonstrated that the reaction order of propylene oxide was 2, while that for agar was approximately 0. The reaction activation energy of heterogeneous hydroxypropylation reaction was calculated to be 83.50 kJ/mol using the Arrhenius formula. Taken together, the results would provide guidances for the industrialization of hydroxypropyl agar.

Self-healing polysaccharide-based injectable hydrogels with antibacterial activity for wound healing.

Because the wound is difficult to heal, repeated bacterial infection will lead to complex clinical problems. Therefore, it is necessary to find an effective method to strengthen the healing process and resist bacterial infection. Hydrogels have many advantages, such as injectability and self-healing under physiological conditions, so they have been widely studied in recent years. Hydrogels can keep the wound moist and promote the wound healing. In addition, the growth of bacteria can be obviously inhibited by hydrogels themself or by doping some antibacterial active substances. Based on this, herein, this review highlighted the preparation and properties of different polysaccharide-based injectable hydrogels, and discuss their biological applications in antibacterial therapy for wound healing in recent years.

ACE Inhibitory Peptide from Skin Collagen Hydrolysate of Takifugu bimaculatus as Potential for Protecting HUVECs Injury.

Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a crucial enzyme or receptor that catalyzes the generation of potent vasopressor angiotensin II (Ang II). ACE inhibitory peptides from fish showed effective ACE inhibitory activity. In this study, we reported an ACE inhibitory peptide from Takifugu bimaculatus (T. bimaculatus), which was obtained by molecular docking with acid-soluble collagen (ASC) hydrolysate of T. bimaculatus. The antihypertensive effects and potential mechanism were conducted using Ang-II-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a model. The results showed that FNLRMQ alleviated the viability and facilitated apoptosis of Ang-II-induced HUVECs. Further research suggested that FNLRMQ may protect Ang-II-induced endothelial injury by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathways. This study, herein, reveals that collagen peptide FNLRMQ could be used as a potential candidate compound for antihypertensive treatment, and could provide scientific evidence for the high-value utilization of marine resources including T. bimaculatus.

Phthalocyanine-based photoacoustic contrast agents for imaging and theranostics.

Phthalocyanine, as an organic dye, has attracted much attention due to its high molar absorption coefficient in the near-infrared region (NIR). It is precisely because of this advantage that phthalocyanine is very beneficial to photoacoustic imaging (PAI). At present, many different strategies have been adopted to design phthalocyanine-based contrast agents with photoacoustic (PA) effect, including increasing water solubility, changing spectral properties, prolonging the circulation time, constructing activatable supramolecular nanoparticles, increasing targeting, etc. Based on this, this minireview highlighted the above ways to enhance the PA effect of phthalocyanine. What's more, the application of phthalocyanine-based PA contrast agents in biomedical imaging and image-guided phototherapy has been discussed. Finally, this minireview also provides the prospects and challenges of phthalocyanine-based PA contrast agents in order to provide some reference for the application of phthalocyanine-based PA contrast agents in biomedical imaging and guiding tumor treatment.

Pu-erh tea ameliorates obesity and modulates gut microbiota in high fat diet fed mice.

Obesity is regarded to be associated with fat accumulation, chronic inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Raw and ripened pu-erh tea extract (PETe) have the effect of reducing body weight gain and fat accumulation, which are associated with gut microbiota. However, little is known about the difference of raw and ripened PETe on the regulation of gut microbiota. Here, our results suggested that supplementation of raw and ripened PETe displayed similar anti-obesogenic effect in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice, by attenuating the body weight gain, fat accumulation, oxidative injury, and low-grade inflammation, improving the glucose tolerance, alleviating the metabolic endotoxemia, and regulating the mRNA and protein expression levels of the lipid metabolism-related genes. 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples indicated that raw and ripened PETe intervention displayed different regulatory effect on the HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis at different taxonomic levels. The microbial diversity, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as well as F/B ratio were reversed more closer to normal by ripened PETe. Phylotypes of Bacteroidaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, and Rikenellaceae which are negatively correlated with obesity were enhanced notably by the intervention of ripened PETe, while Erysipelotrichaceae and Lactobacillaceae which have positive correlation with obesity were decreased dramatically. In addition, the treatment of ripened PETe had better effect on the increase of benefical Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Akkemansia and decrease of obesity associated Faecalibaculum and Erysipelatoclostridium (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that pu-erh tea especially ripened pu-erh tea could serve as a great candidate for alleviation of obesity in association with the modulation of gut microbiota.

Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules.

The drying process is a significant step in the manufacturing process of enteric hard capsules, which affects the physical and chemical properties of the capsules. Thus, the drying characteristics of plant-based enteric hard capsules were investigated at a constant air velocity of 2 m/s in a bench scale hot-air dryer under a temperature range of 25 to 45 °C and relative humidity of 40 to 80%. Results indicate that the drying process of the capsules mainly occur in a falling-rate period, implying that moisture transfer in the capsules is governed by internal moisture diffusion rate. High temperature and low relative humidity reduce drying time but increase the drying rate of the capsules. Investigation results of the mechanical properties and storage stability of the capsules, however, reveal that a fast drying rate leads to plant-based enteric hard capsules of low quality. Scanning electron microscopy further demonstrates that more layered cracks appear in capsules produced under a faster drying rate. The Page model yielded the best fit for describing thin-layer drying of the capsules based on the coefficient of determination and reduced chi-square. Moreover, it was established that the effective moisture diffusivity of the capsules increases with an increase in drying temperature or reduction in relative humidity.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Analogues of Butyrolactone I as PTP1B Inhibitors.

In recent years, a large number of pharmacologically active compounds containing a butenolide functional group have been isolated from secondary metabolites of marine microorganisms. Butyrolactone I was found to be produced by Aspergillus terreus isolated from several marine-derived samples. The hypoglycemic activity of butyrolactone I has aroused our great interest. In this study, we synthesized six racemic butenolide derivatives (namely BL-1-BL-6) by modifying the C-4 side chain of butyrolactone I. Among them, BL-3 and BL-5 improved the insulin resistance of HepG2 cells and did not affect the proliferation of RIN-m5f cell line, which indicated the efficacy and safety of BL-3 and BL-5. Furthermore, BL-3, BL-4, BL-5, and BL-6 displayed a significant protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory effect, while the enantiomers of BL-3 displayed different 50% percentage inhibition concentration (IC50) values against PTP1B. The results of molecular docking simulation of the BLs and PTP1B explained the differences of biological consequences observed between the enantiomers of BL-3, which supported BLs as PTP1B inhibitors, and also indicated that the chirality of C-4 might influence the inhibitory effect of the BLs. Our findings provide a novel strategy for the development of butyrolactone derivatives as potential PTP1B inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Fucoidan Isolated from Saccharina japonica Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages via Blocking NF-κB, MAPK and JAK-STAT Pathways.

Fucoidan has been reported to have a variety of biological activities. However, different algae species, extraction methods, harvesting seasons, and growth regions lead to the structural variation of fucoidan, which would affect the bioactivities of fucoidan. To date, the anti-inflammatory properties and the underlying mechanism of fucoidan from brown alga Saccharina japonica (S. japonica) remain limited. The aims of the present study were to investigate the structure, the anti-inflammatory properties, and the potential molecular mechanisms of fucoidan isolated from S. japonica (SF6) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. SF6 was characterized using high performance liquid gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and observed to be rich in fucose, galactose, and sulfate. Additionally, results showed that SF6 remarkably inhibited LPS-induced production of various inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammation cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-ß (IL-ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). A mechanism study showed that SF6 could effectively inhibit inflammatory responses through blocking LPS-induced inflammation pathways, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Janus kinase (JAK)-2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1/3 pathways. These results suggested that SF6 has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent applied in functional food.