Identification of a novel m6A-related lncRNAs signature and immunotherapeutic drug sensitivity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) ranks as the fourth leading cause for cancer-related deaths worldwide. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely related with poor prognosis and immunotherapeutic effect in PDAC. The aim of this study is to construct and validate a m6A-related lncRNAs signature and assess immunotherapeutic drug sensitivity in PDAC. METHODS: RNA-seq data for 178 cases of PDAC patients and 167 cases of normal pancreatic tissue were obtained from TCGA and GTEx databases, respectively. A set of 21 m6A-related genes were downloaded based on the previous report. Co-expression network was conducted to identify m6A-related lncRNAs in PDAC. Cox analyses and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression model were used to construct a risk prognosis model. The relationship between signature genes and immune function was explored by single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA). The tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score and tumor mutation burden (TMB) were utilized to evaluate the response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, the expression levels of 4 m6A-related lncRNAs on PDAC cell lines were measured by the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The drug sensitivity between the high- and low-risk groups was validated using PDAC cell lines by Cell-Counting Kit 8 (CCK8). RESULTS: The risk prognosis model was successfully constructed based on 4 m6A-related lncRNAs, and PDAC patients were divided into the high- and low-risk groups. The overall survival (OS) of the high-risk groups was more unfavorable compared with the low-risk groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated that the risk prognosis model reasonably predicted the 2-, 3- and 5-year OS of PDAC patients. qPCR analysis confirmed the decreased expression levels of 4 m6A-related lncRNAs in PDAC cells compared to the normal pancreatic cells. Furthermore, CCK8 assay revealed that Phenformin exhibited higher sensitivity in the high-risk groups, while Pyrimethamine exhibited higher sensitivity in the low-risk groups. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of patients with PDAC were well predicted in the risk prognosis model based on m6A-related lncRNAs, and selected immunotherapy drugs have potential values for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

A Differential Protein Study on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid at Different Stages of Silicosis.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, by comparing the difference in protein expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between silicosis patients in different stages and healthy controls, the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis was discussed, and a new idea for the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis was provided. METHODS: The lung lavage fluid was pretreated by 10 K ultrafiltration tube, Agilent 1100 conventional liquid phase separation, strong cation exchange column (SCX) HPLC pre-separation, and C18 reverse phase chromatography desalting purification, and protein was labeled with isotope. GO, KEGG pathway, and PPI analysis of differential proteins were conducted by bioinformatics, and protein types and corresponding signal pathways were obtained. RESULTS: Thermo Q-Exactive mass spectrometry identified 943 proteins. T-test analysis was used to evaluate the different significance of the results, and the different protein of each group was obtained by screening with the Ratio≥1.2 or Ratio≤0.83 and P<0.05. We found that there are 16 kinds of protein throughout the process of silicosis. There are different expressions of protein in stages Ⅲ/control, stages Ⅱ/control, stage Ⅰ/control, stages Ⅲ/ stages Ⅱ, stages Ⅲ/ stage Ⅰ and stages Ⅱ/ stage Ⅰ groups. The results of ontology enrichment analysis of total differential protein genes show that KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential protein suggested that there were nine pathways related to silicosis. CONCLUSION: The main biological changes in the early stage of silicosis are glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, autoimmunity, carbon metabolism, phagocytosis, etc., and microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4 may be involved in the early stage of silicosis. The main biological changes in the late stage of silicosis are autoimmunity, intercellular adhesion, etc. Calcium hippocampus binding protein may participate in the biological changes in the late stage of silicosis. It provides a new idea to understand the pathogenesis of silicosis and also raises new questions for follow-up research.

A GAPDH serotonylation system couples CD8+ T cell glycolytic metabolism to antitumor immunity.

Apart from the canonical serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT])-receptor signaling transduction pattern, 5-HT-involved post-translational serotonylation has recently been noted. Here, we report a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) serotonylation system that promotes the glycolytic metabolism and antitumor immune activity of CD8+ T cells. Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) transfers 5-HT to GAPDH glutamine 262 and catalyzes the serotonylation reaction. Serotonylation supports the cytoplasmic localization of GAPDH, which induces a glycolytic metabolic shift in CD8+ T cells and contributes to antitumor immunity. CD8+ T cells accumulate intracellular 5-HT for serotonylation through both synthesis by tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) and uptake from the extracellular compartment via serotonin transporter (SERT). Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) degrades 5-HT and acts as an intrinsic negative regulator of CD8+ T cells. The adoptive transfer of 5-HT-producing TPH1-overexpressing chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells induced a robust antitumor response. Our findings expand the known range of neuroimmune interaction patterns by providing evidence of receptor-independent serotonylation post-translational modification.

An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Three-Dimensional Porous Reduced Graphene and Ion Imprinted Polymer for Trace Cadmium Determination in Water.

Three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene-based materials have displayed attractive electrochemical catalysis and sensing performances, benefiting from their high porosity, large surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity. In this work, a novel electrochemical sensor based on 3D porous reduced graphene (3DPrGO) and ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was developed for trace cadmium ion (Cd(II)) detection in water. The 3DPrGO was synthesized in situ at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface using a polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystal template and the electrodeposition method. Then, IIP film was further modified on the 3DPrGO by electropolymerization to make it suitable for detecting Cd(II). Attributable to the abundant nanopores and good electron transport of the 3DPrGO, as well as the specific recognition for Cd(II) of IIP, a sensitive determination of trace Cd(II) at PoPD-IIP/3DPrGO/GCE was achieved. The proposed sensor exhibited comprehensive linear Cd(II) responses ranging from 1 to 100 µg/L (R2 = 99.7%). The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.11 µg/L, about 30 times lower than the drinking water standard set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, PoPD-IIP/3DPrGO/GCE was applied for the detection of Cd(II) in actual water samples. The satisfying recoveries (97-99.6%) and relative standard deviations (RSD, 3.5-5.7%) make the proposed sensor a promising candidate for rapid and on-site water monitoring.

Nonlinear optical properties in chiral copper oxide nanosheets.

Chiral transition metal oxides (TMOs) are in the forefront of research as potential active materials in various optoelectronic applications. However, the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the chiral TMOs have not been fully understood. Here, several kinds of copper oxide nanosheets capped with different chiral amino acids are synthesized. Notably, we investigate the NLO activities of these materials, including broadband second harmonic generation and transformation of nonlinear optical properties from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption. This work will broaden the use of chiral TMO materials in nonlinear photonic devices.

Improving the Five-Photon Absorption from Core-Shell Perovskite Nanocrystals.

It is necessary to improve the action cross section (η × σn) of high-order multiphoton absorption (MPA) for fundamental research and practical applications. Herein, the core-shell FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) were constructed, and fluorescence induced by up to five-photon absorption was observed. The value of η × σ5 reaches 8.64 × 10-139 cm10 s4 photon-4 nm-3 at 2300 nm, which is nearly an order of magnitude bigger than that of the core-only NCs. It is found that the increased dielectric constant promotes modulation of MPA effects, addressing the electronic distortion in high-order nonlinear behaviors through the local field effect. Meanwhile, the quasi-type-II band alignment suppresses the biexciton Auger recombination, ensuring the stronger MPA induced fluorescence. In addition, the core-shell structure can not only reduce the defect density but also promote the nonradiative energy transfer though the antenna-like effect. This work provides a new avenue for the exploitation of high-performance multiphoton excited nanomaterials for future photonic integration.

Tunable optical activities in chiral transition metal oxide nanoparticles.

Chiral transition metal oxides (TMOs) are widely used in various optoelectronic devices. However, the currently poor understanding of how the optical activities of TMOs can be regulated considerably hinders their applications. We have synthesized a series of chiral TMO nanoparticles (NPs), i.e., MoOx (x = 2, 2.4 and 2.5) and Co3O4. Compared with TMO NPs with L-/D-cysteine molecules as the capping ligand, L-/D-histidine-capped TMO NPs possess larger anisotropic factors (gabs), which are as high as ∼0.01 and ∼0.02 for L-/D-histidine-capped MoO2.5 and Co3O4 NPs, respectively. A nondegenerate coupled oscillator (NDCO) theoretical calculation confirms that L-/D-histidine molecules can generate a smaller electric dipole moment and thus induce higher optical activity than L-/D-cysteine molecules. Impressively, the chiral NPs exhibit broadband second harmonic generation. This work indicates that chiral TMO NPs have potential for application in nonlinear optical devices.

Difference in Intestinal Flora and Characteristics of Plasma Metabonomics in Pneumoconiosis Patients.

From the two perspectives of intestinal flora and plasma metabolomics, the mechanism of occurrence and development of pneumoconiosis was explored to provide a new target for the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis. In this study, 16S ribosome DNA (16SrDNA) gene sequencing technology was used to analyze the differences in intestinal flora of each research group through operational taxonomic units (OUT) analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and other analytical methods were used to analyze the differences in plasma metabolites between the study groups. Metabonomics analysis showed that the plasma metabolites of pneumoconiosis patients were significantly different from those of normal people. Fold change > 2; vip > 1; p < 0.05 were the screening criteria. In the positive and negative mode, we screened ten types of differential metabolites. These ten metabolites were upregulated to varying degrees in the pneumoconiosis patients. Seven metabolic pathways were obtained by analyzing the metabolic pathways of different metabolites. Among them, the aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis pathway changed most obviously. The α diversity of two groups of intestinal flora was analyzed using the 16SrDNA technique. The results showed that there was no significant difference in ACE, Chao1, Shannon, or Simpson in the two groups (p > 0.05). Beta diversity analysis showed that there were differences in microbial communities. In pneumoconiosis patients, the abundance of Prevotellaceae increased, and the other nine species decreased. Compared to the control group, the abundance of Prevotellaceae in the intestinal flora of pneumoconiosis increased, and the abundance of the other nine species decreased. Compared to controls, ten substances in the plasma metabolites of pneumoconiosis patients were upregulated. Seven metabolic pathways were obtained by analyzing the metabolic pathways of different metabolites. Among them, the aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis pathway changed most significantly. This provided a theoretical basis for further study on the pathogenesis, early prevention, and treatment of pneumoconiosis.

Enhanced Performance of Two-Photon Excited Amplified Spontaneous Emission by Cd-Alloyed CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals.

It has been demonstrated that the alloyed perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with a small amount of Cd element may passivate the inherent halide vacancies in perovskite NCs and improve their stability. However, the study of the optical properties of such alloyed perovskite NCs still remains essentially untouched, which will seriously hinder relevant applications. Herein, using different amounts of CdBr2 as an alloyed metal precursor, a series of CsPbxCd1-xBr3 NCs (x = 1, 0.93, and 0.88) were synthesized. Compared with bare CsPbBr3 NCs, the Cd-alloyed NCs exhibited a near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (99%), efficiently improved stability, and enhanced electron-phonon coupling strength. As the Cd-alloyed amount was increased, their hot-carrier cooling time became faster and the exciton-biexciton interaction decreased, causing a decreased threshold of two-photon excited amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from 1.58 to 1.23 mJ cm-2. In addition, the Cd-alloying method can also improve the photostability of ASE, resulting in the initial ASE intensity remaining at 90% even after 7.5 × 105 pulse shots. This work implies that the Cd-alloyed CsPbBr3 NCs will be promising for application in a laser gain medium.

Authentic Intelligent Machine for Scaling Driven Discovery: A Case for Chiral Quantum Dots.

The scaling laws have long been used as evidence of science where many fundamental physics laws emerge. As emerging nanomaterials, quantum dots are also sensitive to scaling because of their strong size effect. In this work, we developed the chiral dielectric theory based on the exciton absorption mechanism to explain the increment of the dielectric constant from chirality via its dimensionality. To help researchers discover and develop scaling relevant theories, the Authentic Intelligent Machine (AIM) protocol was developed to generate and interpret experimental data in an analytical and scaling-oriented manner. We show how the AIM protocol interprets spectra such as transient absorption data of chiral quantum dots with theories, where discrepancies concerning the dielectric constant were discovered. Examples for applying the AIM protocol on other spectra, such as absorption spectra and photoluminescence spectra, are also given.

In Situ Determination of Polaron-Mediated Ultrafast Electron Trapping in Rutile TiO2 Nanorod Photoanodes.

Mechanistic understanding of the photogenerated charge carrier dynamics in modified semiconductor photoanodes is vital for the efficient enhancement of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Here, an in situ femtosecond (fs)-transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) assisted spectroelectrochemistry technique is used to probe the behavior of charge carriers in rutile TiO2 nanorod photoanodes under the different applied potentials and different density of surface polaron states that can be tuned via direct electrochemical protonation. We interpreted the background absorption with long-time decay in terms of polaron-mediated ultrafast electron trapping. The depleted surface polaron states on rutile TiO2 nanorods can trap photogenerated electrons and endow them with a long lifetime; thus, increasing the polaron state density can enhance the charge separation efficiency and the photocurrent density of the TiO2 nanorod electrode.

Comparison of properties of dust in alveolar of rats and the workplace.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the α-SiO2 content, composition, dispersion, morphology, and free radical content of dust between the alveolar and the workplace, to explore the possible changes in the properties (especially the pathogenicity) of dust after it enters the lung. METHODS: We collected the dust in the workplace in HANDAN Coal mine. They were selected by a 400 mesh sieve and was made a suspension of 50 mg/ml, which would be used to perfuse into the trachea of rats. When one week, four weeks, eight weeks, fourteen weeks, twenty weeks after perfusing, we harvested dust in rats alveolar through lung lavage for further processing. RESULTS: In the animal test, typical fibrous nodules appeared 20 weeks after dust exposure. No inflammatory reaction was observed in the saline group. The results of animal experiments showed that there was no significant difference in the content of α-SiO2 between dust in the workplace and the lung lavage (P > 0.05). The content of the Fe element gradually increased with dust exposure time. The 12 elements of Al, Mg, Si, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Sb, Cd, and AS were reduced in the experiment group compared with the workplace group. The shape of the dust in the workplace was mostly spherical. The shape of the dust extracted from the lung lavage fluid was mostly blocky and angular, and a few dust edges were sharp, and more than 80% of the particle size was smaller than 5 µm, while less than 1% of the particle size was larger than 10 µm. The amount of hydroxyl radical released by lung lavage dust in phosphate buffer was higher than that of the workplace dust. CONCLUSIONS: After the dust entered the alveoli, the content of α-SiO2 in the dust did not change with dust exposure time, while the content of elements in the dust, the morphology, and dispersion of the dust changed. The ability of dust in alveoli to produce hydroxyl radicals in phosphate buffer was higher than that in the workplace.

Large Nonlinear Optical Activity of a Near-infrared-absorbing Bithiophene-based Polymer with a Head-to-head Linkage.

Although the production of near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing organic polymers with an excellent nonlinear optical (NLO) response is vital for various optoelectronic devices and photodynamic therapy, the molecular design and relevant photophysical investigation still remain challenging. In this work, large NLO activity is observed for an NIR-absorbing bithiophene-based polymer with a unique head-to-head linkage in the NIR region. The saturable absorption coefficient and modulation depth of the polymer are determined as ∼-3.5×105  cm GW-1 and ∼32.43%, respectively. Notably, the polymer exhibits an intrinsic nonlinear refraction index up to ∼-9.36 cm2 GW-1 , which is six orders of magnitude larger than that of CS2 . The maximum molar-mass normalized two-photon absorption cross-section (σ2 /M) of this polymer can be up to ∼14 GM at 1200 nm. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements reveal significant spectral overlap between the 2PA and excited state absorption in the 1000-1400 nm wavelength range and an efficient triplet quantum yield of ∼36.7%. The results of this study imply that this NIR-absorbing polymer is promising for relevant applications.

Activation of the STAT5 Signaling Pathway by Yiqi Jiedu Formula Induces Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Alleviation of Corneal Immunopathological Damage in Mice With Recurrent Herpes Simplex Keratitis.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Yiqi Jiedu (YQJD) formula on the repair of corneal lesions in mice with recurrent herpes simplex virus keratitis (HSK). Sixty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: a normal control group (Naive), a recurrence model group (Re), and a YQJD group. After inducing recurrence by ultraviolet irradiation, the ocular surfaces of different groups of mice were observed using a slit lamp and photographed, and ocular surface scores were calculated. The abundance of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells was determined by flow cytometry in peripheral blood and spleen cells. The CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs were assessed by immunofluorescence in the cornea. The levels of the cytokines IL-10 and TGF-ß in serum and splenocyte culture supernatants were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the activation status of the STAT5 signaling pathway was examined by protein blotting, and the effect of YQJD on Treg cells through inhibition of the STAT5 pathway was observed in vitro. YQJD alleviated corneal inflammation by enhancing the STAT5 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-ß, and maintaining immune tolerance. YQJD increased the proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells; also, in the cornea, YQJD inhibited the aggregation of macrophages and CD4+ cells and reduced the proportion of Th17 cells and other pro-inflammatory cells. Moreover, YQJD promoted the secretion of IL-4 to protect the cornea, leading to the mitigation of corneal immunopathological damage. YQJD reduced corneal lesions in recurrent HSK mice by stimulating Treg cells, inducing immune tolerance, and inhibiting corneal immunopathological responses via modulation of the STAT5 signaling pathway.

Spectral Dynamics and Multiphoton Absorption Properties of All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanorods.

All-inorganic perovskite (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) nanorods (NRs) not only retain their inherent advantages such as a high photoluminescence quantum yield and broad wavelength tunability but also exhibit superior photophysical properties including their extremely strong multiphoton absorption (MPA). However, the spectral dynamics and MPA properties of CsPbX3 NRs have not been fully investigated. Here, we report comprehensive comparison studies on the femtosecond spectral dynamical properties of CsPb(Br0.8Cl0.2)3, CsPbBr3, and CsPb(Br0.85I0.15)3 NRs, including their influences on their hot-carrier cooling, biexciton lifetime, and biexciton binding energy. Interestingly, although the three kinds of perovskite NRs have similar diameters and lengths, they differ significantly in their nonlinear optical properties, among which the CsPb(Br0.85I0.15)3 displayed the greatest MPA cross sections. Furthermore, the multiphoton-excited stimulated emission of CsPb(Br0.8Cl0.2)3 and CsPbBr3 NRs is demonstrated. This work indicates that CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) NRs are excellent candidates for exploring their applications in different optoelectronic devices.

Comparison studies of excitonic properties and multiphoton absorption of near-infrared-I-emitting Cu-doped InP and InP/ZnSe nanocrystals.

Cu-doped InP (Cu:InP) and InP/ZnSe nanocrystals (NCs) with near-infrared-I (NIR-I) emission were prepared and characterized. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra revealed that the epitaxial growth of a ZnSe diffusion barrier onto the Cu:InP core can amplify its exciton-dopant coupling strength, with the energy transfer times of $\sim{220}\;{\rm ps}$∼220ps for Cu:InP NCs and $\sim{183}\;{\rm ps}$∼183ps for Cu:InP/ZnSe NCs. Importantly, the Cu:InP/ZnSe NCs exhibit much larger two- and three-photon absorption cross sections, reaching $\sim{10162}$∼10162 GM at 1030 nm and $\sim{1.06} \times {{10}^{ - 77}}\;{{\rm cm}^6}\,{{\rm s}^2}\,{{\rm photon}^{ - 2}}$∼1.06×10-77cm6s2photon-2 at 1600 nm, compared with Cu:InP NCs.

Activation of MAPK and Cyclin D1/CDK4 in Malignant Transformation of Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblasts Induced by Silica and Benzopyrene.

OBJECTIVE: Silica and Benzo(a)pyrene are listed as carcinogens. This study aims to explore Cyclin D1, CDK4 and difference of cell cycle adjusted by MAPK signal transduction pathway in silica and B(a)P-induced malignant transformation of human embryonic lung fibroblasts. METHODS: Activity of the subfamily (ERK, p38 and JNK) of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), cyclin D1 and CDK4 (cyclin dependent kinase) were evaluated using Human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) purchased from the cell room, basic research institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. The expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 (cyclin dependent kinase) were measured in silica and B(a)P induced malignant using Western blot (WB) assay. RESULT: P-ERK and P-JNK expression increased significantly (P<0.01), while CDK4 and P-p38 expression decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05) in silica-induced malignant transformation cells compared with the control group. P-ERK, P-JNK and Cyclin D1 expression increased (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05) in B(a)P-induced group compared with the control group. P-ERK and P-JNK expression decreased (P<0.01), while P-p38, Cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression increased (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.01) in B(a)P-induced group compared with the silica-induced group. CONCLUSION: MAPK and cyclin D1/CDK4 activation expressed differently in human embryo lung fibroblasts malignant transformation induced by silica and benzopyrene.

Dynamics and manipulation of ferroelectric domain walls in bismuth ferrite thin films.

Ferroelectric domain walls differ from domains not only in their crystalline and discrete symmetry, but also in their electronic, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Although domain walls provide a degree of freedom to regulate the physical properties at the nanoscale, the relatively lower controllability prevents their practical applications in nano-devices. In this work, with the advantages of 3D domain configuration detection based on piezoresponse force microscopy, we find that the mobility of three types of domain walls (tail-to-tail, head-to-tail, head-to-head) in (001) BiFeO3 films varies with the applied electrical field. Under low voltages, head-to-tail domain walls are more mobile than other domain walls, while, under high voltages, tail-to-tail domain walls become rather active and possess relatively long average lengths. This is due to the high nucleation energy and relatively low growth energy for charged domain walls. Finally, we demonstrate the manipulation of domain walls through successive electric writings, resulting in well-aligned conduction paths as designed, paving the way for their application in advanced spintronic, memory and communication nano-devices.

Bioinformatics analysis on differentially expressed genes of alveolar macrophage in IPF.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of pulmonary macrophages in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by bioinformatics, and elaborate on IPF on the gene level. Methods: The gene expression profile GSE49072 was downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Genes of alveolar macrophages between normal volunteers and patients diagnosed as IPF were analyzed by GEO2R tools. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses of genes were performed in the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) database, followed by functional annotation and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction in String website. Finally, the results were analyzed in a comprehensive way. Results: A total of 551 DEGs, including 205 down-regulated and 346 up-regulated were identified. The expression of 209875_s_at (secreted phosphoprotein 1, SPP1) and 214146_s_at (pro-platelet basic protein, PPBP) genes are the most significant in upregulated genes. DEGs in the MAPK（mitogen-activated protein kinase） signaling pathway and chemokine signaling pathway play important roles in the development of IPF. Conclusions: The up-regulation of genes such as SPP1 and PPBP affect the secretion of alveolar macrophages, thereby speeding up the process of fibrosis.

Giant two- to five-photon absorption in CsPbBr2.7I0.3 two-dimensional nanoplatelets.

CsPbBr2.7I0.3 two-dimensional (2D) nanoplatelets (NPs) with emission wavelengths of 469 nm and 527 nm were synthesized and characterized. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra revealed hot carrier cooling times of ∼368 fs and ∼438 fs for 469 nm and 527 nm 2D NPs, respectively. Importantly, the 2D NPs exhibit giant two-, three-, four-, and five-photon absorption cross-sections, reaching ∼4.1×106 GM at 830 nm, ∼2.3×10-74 cm6 s2 photon-2 at 1300 nm, 2.06×10-104 cm8 s3 photon-3 at 1600 nm, and 1.50×10-136 cm10 s4 photon-4 at 2200 nm, respectively, which are 3-8 orders of magnitude larger, compared to specially designed organic molecules.