[Effects of different long-term fertilization patterns on net carbon sink effect and economic benefits in double cropping rice paddy ecosystem in southern China]. / 长期不同施肥模式对南方双季稻田生态系统净碳汇效应和经济收益的影响.

There is close relationship between fertilizer managements and net carbon (C) sink effect, economic benefits in rice paddy ecosystem. Based on a long-term (35-year) field experiment, we analyzed the effects of different fertilization patterns on soil C sequestration rate, C density of topsoil, annual C balance, and economic benefits in the double cropping rice paddy in southern China. There were four fertilization treatments, chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw and chemical fertilizer (RF), 30% organic manure and 70% chemical fertilizer (OM), and without any fertilizer input as a control (CK). The results showed that soil C pool in the double cropping rice paddy field under different fertilization treatments changed from 216.02 to 866.74 kg·hm-2·a-1, and soil C pool under OM treatment were significantly higher than that of MF, RF and CK. The soil C sequestration rates in the double cropping rice paddy field under different fertilization treatments ranged from 51.5 to 650.7 kg·hm-2·a-1, and that of C density of topsoil was from 55.64 to 78.42 t·hm-2. The order of soil C sequestration rates and C density of topsoil was OM>RF>MF>CK. The change range of C adsorption in the double cropping rice paddy field ecosystem was from 4.42 to 9.32 t C·hm-2·a-1, with an order of OM>RF>MF>CK. Compared with the MF treatment, soil net C sink under OM and RF treatments increased by 27.6% and 13.6%, respectively. The change range of C cost material input ranged from 1.49 to 2.17 t C·hm-2·a-1, and that of annual economic benefits was from 1.30×103 to 7.83×103 yuan·hm-2·a-1 with an order of RF>OM>MF>CK. The net income of economic benefits of OM, RF and MF treatments were significantly higher than that of CK. Generally, soil C sequestration rate, C sink effect and annual economic benefits were increased by the long-term application of organic manure and rice straw returning together with chemical fertilizer, which could increase soil organic carbon storage in the double cropping rice paddy field of southern China.

Function of PHEX mutations p.Glu145* and p.Trp749Arg in families with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets by the negative regulation mechanism on FGF23 promoter transcription.

X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) is characterized by increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) concentration caused by PHEX (NM_000444.5) mutations. Renal tubular resorption of phosphate is impaired, resulting in rickets and impaired bone mineralization. By phenotypic-genetic linkage analysis, two PHEX pathogenic mutations were found in two XLH families: c.433 G > T, p.Glu145* in exon 4 and c.2245 T > C, p.Trp749Arg in exon 22. Immunofluorescence showed that the localization of p.Glu145* and p.Trp749Arg mutant and secretory PHEX (secPHEX) changed, with decreased expression. In a HEK293T cell model co-transfected with PHEX, secPHEX, and FGF23, wild-type PHEX, secPHEX, and FGF23 proteins were distributed in the cell membrane or endoplasmic reticulum, while the mutant was located in the nuclear membrane and cytoplasm. qPCR of p.Glu145* revealed decreased PHEX and secPHEX mRNA expression in cells, with no difference in mRNA expression of p.Trp749Arg. Both mutations decreased intracellular PHEX endopeptidase activity. Western blot analysis showed decrease in mutant and secPHEX protein expression and no FGF23 protein expression in single-transfected PHEX and secPHEX cells. In cells co-transfected with FGF23, PHEX and secPHEX mutation promoted FGF23 expression. Dual-luciferase reporter gene was used to detect the effect of PHEX on FGF23 promoter. The dual-luciferase reporter gene showed that after PHEX overexpression, the activity of mutant firefly luciferase was significantly higher than that of wild type. The regulatory mechanism between PHEX and FGF23 is still unclear, but we found that PHEX is a direct transcriptional inhibitor of FGF23 and affects the expression of FGF23. This study verified the pathogenicity of the two variants and revealed the possible regulatory mechanism between PHEX and FGF23.

Effects of long-term fertilizer management on soil labile organic carbon fractions and hydrolytic enzyme activity under a double-cropping rice system of southern China.

Fertilization is an effective way to improve soil quality, increase soil fertility and soil microbial diversity in paddy soil. To explore the changes of soil labile organic carbon (C) fractions and hydrolytic enzyme activity after 34 years fertilization treatments in a field experiment in double-cropping rice system of southern China. There were four treatments, including chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice residue and chemical fertilizer (RF), 30% organic matter and 70% chemical fertilizer (OM), and the control without fertilizer input (CK). We measured soil organic carbon (SOC) content, soil labile organic C fractions, SOC related hydrolytic enzyme activity, correlation coefficients of soil enzyme activity with SOC content and its labile organic C fractions. The results showed that MF, RF and OM increased SOC content by 4.5%, 22.4% and 53.5%, respectively. Compared with MF and CK, RF and OM increased soil labile organic C fractions [cumulative C mineralization (Cmin), permanganate oxidizable C (KMnO4-C), particulate organic C (POC), dissolved organic C (DOC), light fraction organic C (LFOC), microbial biomass C (MBC)] and the proportion of each labile organic C fractions to total organic C. The contents of Cmin, KMnO4-C, POC, DOC, LFOC and MBC under OM treatment were 3.5, 3.1, 3.7, 1.9, 1.2 and 1.9 times higher than CK treatment, respectively. The proportion of labile organic C fractions to total organic C of RF and OM treatments was significantly higher than that in CK. The order of soil hydrolytic enzyme activity [α-glucosidase (αG), ß-glucosidase (ßG), ß-xylosidase (ßX), cellobiohydrolase (GBH), and N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase (NAG)] was OM>RF>MF>CK. The soil hydrolytic enzyme activity under OM treatment increased by 111.8%, 14.1%, 127.3%, 285.6% and 91.4% compared with CK, respectively. Furthermore, RF and OM treatments were beneficial to soil peroxidase (POD) activity. MF treatment was beneficial to soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. There was a significant positive correlation between soil hydrolytic enzyme activity and SOC content and its labile organic C fractions. In conclusion, the combined application of organic manure, rice straw returning and chemical fertilizer is an effective method to improve soil labile organic C fractions and hydrolytic enzyme activity in a double-cropping rice paddy field of southern China.

Temporal variation of SOC storage and crop yield and its relationship - A fourteen year field trial about tillage practices in a double paddy cropping system, China.

Carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural systems is recommended as a beneficial measure for climate change mitigation and food security. Despite much research, the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and sustainable crop productivity has not been identified for various agricultural ecosystems, especially in the paddy ecosystem where conservation tillage has been adopted. Thus, a long-term experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage practices on SOC storage, yield, and their relationship in a double-cropped rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy in Southern China from 2005 to 2018. Four tillage systems were investigated: no-till with residue retained on the soil surface (NTS), rotary tillage with residue retention (RTS), plow tillage with residue retention (CTS), and plow tillage with residue removed (CT). The SOC accumulation in the 0-20 cm layer in tillage systems included two stages: the rapid accumulation stage (2005-2007) and the slow fluctuation stage (2007-2018), with a tendency for C saturation. After reaching C saturation, the increase in SOC storage was not obvious, even with continued C input, and the SOC storage under different tillage systems was inconsistent. In general, SOC storage under NTS was the greatest. Interannual changes were not significant, while cumulative yield (2005-2018) was highest under CTS (162.13 t ha-1), followed by RTS (158.46 t ha-1), NTS (153.99 t ha-1), and CT (149.70 t ha-1). Tillage practices had no effect on the yield stability of late rice, but a significant difference in early rice was noticed between CTS and RTS. A non-linear relationship between rice yield and SOC storage was significant (P < 0.0001). With increasing SOC, yields tended to increase first and then decrease. Thus, innovative tillage strategies (such as NTS) could increase SOC storage before it reaches C saturation, but maintaining SOC storage within a reasonable range and optimizing SOC distribution might be more beneficial for crop productivity than a higher SOC storage, especially in C-rich paddy fields.

Effects of tillage management on soil carbon decomposition and its relationship with soil chemistry properties in rice paddy fields.

Decreasing the soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition is critical to improve the quality of the soil and mitigate atmospheric CO2 emissions. To improve the ability to protect the SOC by optimizing tillage management, this study investigated the laboratory-based SOC mineralization (decomposition) and soil chemical properties under different tillage practices, including no tillage with straw mulch (NTS), rotary tillage with straw incorporated (RTS), moldboard plow tillage with straw incorporated (CTS) and moldboard plow tillage with straw removal (CT). Soil samples of six sampling dates from April 2017 to October 2018 were incubated at 25 °C and 70% water holding capacity for 60 d. Repeated Variance Analyses were conducted to compare the means of different treatments. The results showed that the average cumulative SOC mineralization (Cm) at the 0-5 cm soil depth was 7.09 g CO2 kg-1 soil under NTS, which was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the other treatments. However, the C mineralizability at both the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil depths were lower (P < 0.05) under the NTS (0.16 and 0.15 g CO2 g-1 SOC) compared with the CTS and CT. Non-microbial CO2 emissions (CO2 emissions in sterilized soil) contributed to the lower C mineralizability under NTS, due to the lower mineralizability (0.041-0.089 g CO2 g-1 SOC) of sterilized soil under this treatment. Furthermore, some of the abiotic factors (e.g., C/N ratio and SOC content) significantly correlated with the Cm and C mineralizability. These factors might be critical for the ability to protect SOC under NTS. In summary, conservation tillage is an optimal management due to its protection on SOC, and part of this protection appeared to have been contributed by the soil abiotic factors, which were formed by long-term tillage management.

Circulating microRNA-21 as Stable Blood-Based Markers for Patients With ISR After PCI.

It recently has been reported that the in-stent restenosis (ISR) of expanded area after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within six months can become a serious postoperative complication. A real-time quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of serum miR-21 in 33 ISR and 37 non-ISR patients after PCI. Expression of miR-21 was significantly higher in the ISR group compared with that in the NISR group, and a similar trend also occurred in factor- (TNF-α) level, Interleukin -6 (IL-6) level, and plaque area (PLA). However, a contrary trend occurred in the external elastic membrane area (EEM) and minimal lumen area (MLA). This study suggests that the increased expression of serum miR-21 is related to ISR after PCI, and miR-21 can be a new predictor of ISR.

[Effects of different planting patterns on the apparent balance of soil nutrients and nitrogen production efficiency in paddy soil]. / ç¨»ç”°ä¸åŒç§æ¤æ¨¡å¼å¯¹åœŸå£¤å »åˆ†è¡¨è§‚å¹³è¡¡å’Œæ°®ç´ ç”Ÿäº§æ•ˆçŽ‡çš„å½±å“.

To investigate the effects of different planting patterns on soil nutrient contents, rice yield, nitrogen production efficiency, and apparent nutrient balance, a long-term field experiment was conducted in Changsha, Hunan, China. Four planting patterns were examined, including winter fallow-double cropping rice (CK), ryegrass-double cropping rice (Ry-R-R), Chinese milk vetch-double cropping rice (Mv-R-R), rape-double cropping rice (Ra-R-R). Compared with CK, soil total nitrogen (N) and available N were significantly higher under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R. However, soil available potassium (K) content in CK was significantly higher than that in the other treatments. In addition, the N partial factor productivity in the late rice cropping was significantly higher under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R. The N accumulation in panicles, stems and leaves of late rice under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R were significantly higher than that in CK. Furthermore, the rice yield in Ry-R-R and Mv-R-R were significantly higher in comparison to CK. A significant positive correlation between grain yield and soil N content was observed. Compared with CK, Ry-R-R and Mv-R-R significantly increased the surplus of soil N and phosphorus content, but Ry-R-R and Ra-R-R increased the surplus of K content. Overall, winter crop-double rice cropping system could improve soil nutrient contents and N production efficiency, alleviate K deficiency, which would be beneficial to soil nutrient balance of paddy soils. Given the high surplus of N in paddy soils, N fertilizers should be reduced.

[Effects of different manure nitrogen input ratio on rhizosphere soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and microbial quotient in double-cropping rice field]. / æœ‰æœºè‚¥æ°®æŠ•å ¥æ¯”ä¾‹å¯¹åŒå­£ç¨»ç”°æ ¹é™ åœŸå£¤å¾®ç”Ÿç‰©ç”Ÿç‰©é‡ç¢³ã€æ°®å’Œå¾®ç”Ÿç‰©ç†µçš„å½±å“.

To explore the characteristics of rhizosphere soil microorganisms in paddy fields with different manure nitrogen (N) input ratios at different growth stages of early and late rice in double-cropping rice system, a field experiment was conducted with five different treatments: 1) 100% N of chemical fertilizer (M1), 2) 30% N of organic matter and 70% N of chemical fertilizer (M2), 3) 50% N of organic matter and 50% N of chemical fertilizer (M3), 4) 100% N of organic matter (M4), and 5) no N fertilizer input as a control (M0). The rhizosphere soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and microbial quotient (SQ) of the paddy fields were measured using the fumigation-extraction and chemical analysis methods. The results showed that the rhizosphere MBC, MBN, and SQ of the paddy fields at main different growth stages of early and late rice were increased by fertilization, which increased first and then decreased with the development of rice growth period, peaked at the heading stage, and reached the minimum value at the maturity stage. The effects of different fertilization treatments were in order of M4＞M3＞M2＞M1＞M0, with no significant difference among M2, M3 and M4, but being significantly higher than M0. Therefore, the application of organic matter, and combined application of chemical fertilizer with organic matter could significantly increase the rhizosphere MBC, MBN, and SQ of the paddy fields at early and late rice growth period, while chemical fertilizer alone had little effect.

Plasma miRNA-155 Levels Predict Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Cardioversion.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in the regulation of physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and lipid metabolism. They might be associated with the pathological process of atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of our study is to investigate whether plasma miRNA-155 levels have a relationship with AF recurrence. METHODS: A total of 110 patients with AF were studied, all with successful cardioversion. We measured the expression of plasma miRNA-155 in the recurrent group (n = 30) and in the nonrecurrent group (n = 80) by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, the serumal levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), total cholesterol (TC), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) in the groups were determined by using an automatic biochemical analyzer, and an immunoenzymatic method was applied to determine the serumal levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The left atrial diameter (LAD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of all patients were measured by using echocardiography. RESULTS: Our RT-PCR analysis found that miRNA-155 was significantly upregulated in the recurrent group compared with the nonrecurrent group. These increases of LAD and the levels of BNP, TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6 in the recurrent group were also revealed to be relative to those in the nonrecurrent group. There were no differences in the levels of TC and FBG, as well as in EF, between the groups. Moreover, miRNA-155 expression was observed to correlate positively with these outcomes of LAD, BNP, TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, and LAD. A diagnostic significance of predicting AF recurrence for plasma miRNA-155 was elucidated via ROC curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed that plasma miRNA-155 can present an ability to calculate AF recurrence after cardioversion.

Oxygen plasma-fragmented KMnF3 nanoparticle benefits contrast enhancement for MRI of a patient-derived tumor xenograft model.

Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as promising candidates for the next generation of image contrast agents and their performance is largely dependent on physicochemical properties. In this paper, a new type of 'top-down' fabrication technique was developed to synthesize ultrasmall magnetic NPs as a contrast enhancer. In a detailed, home-made oxygen plasma generator, fragments of larger KMnF3 NPs (22 nm) were broken down into smaller (<5 nm) particles with enhanced hydrophilicity. As massive activated oxygen species were produced during the process, the plasma was able to severely etch the NPs, and vacuum UV light irradiated them heavily as well, leaving them with weak crystallinity, splitting them into ultrafine particles. Also their surface transformed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by oxidizing the passivated ligand, evidenced by the spectroscopy and microscopy results. The fragmented NPs are characteristic of unprecedented high longitudinal relaxivity (r1 = 35.52 mM-1.s-1) and appropriate biocompatibility. In a healthy mouse, the ultrafine NPs did not exert observable toxicity, this was evaluated by histology of the main organs and hemogram analysis, including kidney and liver function analysis. More interestingly, the ultrasmall NPs had a very long circulation time, as its blood half-life was around 20 h. When applied as a contrast enhancer for MRI of the patient-derived tumor xenograft model, the accumulation of KMnF3 NPs within the tumor had an average of 12.13% ID per gram, which greatly shortened the relaxation time of the tumor. Therefore the control-to-noise ratio was significantly enhanced, relative to the same dosage of Gadopentetetic acid (Magvenist) (P < 0.001). Our primary results demonstrate that fragmentation of the NPs via our home-made oxygen plasma technique might be an effective route for fabricating ultrasmall NPs, and benefit their contrast effect when applied as MRI enhancers for clinical diagnosis of tumors.

Preclinical evaluation of severely defective manganese-based nanocrystal as a liver-specific contrast media for MR imaging: comparison with Gd-EOB-DTPA and MnDPDP.

Manganese-based (chemically formulated of KMnF3) nanocrystal was evaluated as a liver-specific contrast agent for MR imaging and its imaging performance was also compared with those of two commercial hepatobiliary contrast media (Gd-EOB-DTPA and MnDPDP). KMnF3 nanocrystal was post-treated using a plasma technique to cause severe defects, leading to appropriate water dispersibility and high relaxivity. Severely defective KMnF3 nanocrystal (SD-KMnF3) has characteristic high tolerance, as evidenced by cytotoxicity on the macrophage cell, and acute and subchronic toxicity on the healthy mouse. SD-KMnF3 showed better hepatic MR imaging as the T 1 relaxation time of the liver decreased to only 17% of the control group, compared to 22% of the control group for Gd-EOB-DTPA (P < 0.01) and 42% of the control group for MnDPDP (P < 0.001). As applied to MR imaging of the allograft orthotopic model of liver cancer, statistical studies demonstrated that SD-KMnF3 significantly improved the tumor's contrast-to-noise ratio, compared with Gd-EOB-DTPA (P < 0.01) and MnDPDP (P < 0.01) by spin-echo pulse sequence, and even better performance (P < 0.001) by gradient-echo sequence. Our findings indicate that SD-KMnF3 could serve as a hepatic contrast agent for imaging liver cancer such as hepatocarcinoma or metastatic lesions.

[Effects of different winter cover crops on soil organic carbon in a double cropping rice paddy field.] / 不同冬季覆盖作物对双季稻田土壤有机碳的影响.

In a double cropping rice field experiment, effects of five winter cover crops on the total organic carbon (TOC), active organic carbon (AOC), carbon pool management index (CPMI) and organic carbon storage were studied in three soil layers (0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm).Winter cover crops of ryegrass (Ry), Chinese milk vetch (Mv), potato (Po), and rape (Ra) between two rice crops were compared with fallow as control (CK). The results showed that the TOC and AOC contents under Ry, Mv, Po and Ra treatments were higher than those of CK in all three la-yers. Meanwhile, the TOC and AOC contents in Po treatment were higher than those of other treatments. Compared with CK, the AOC, activity index (AI), carbon pool index (CPI) and CPMI in the soil were improved through the recycling of winter cover crops straw. The AOC, AI, CPI and CPMI in the studied layers increased in order of Po>Mv>Ry>Ra>CK. The results indicated that the recycling of winter cover crops straw promoted the storage of SOC in the 0-20 cm soil profile as compared with CK. The strongest effect of the winter cover crops on the SOC storage occurred in Mv treatment, followed by Mv and Po treatments, and the SOC storage increased with the increasing soil depth.

[Effects of long-term tillage and rice straw returning on soil nutrient pools and Cd concentration].

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of tillage and straw returning on soil nutrient and its pools, and soil Cd concentration, and to identify the strategies for rational tillage and remediation of Cd contaminated paddy fields. The experiment was established with no-tillage with straw retention (NTS) , rotary tillage with straw incorporation (RTS) , conventional plow tillage with straw incorporation (CTS), conventional plow tillage with straw removed ( CT) from 2005 to 2013. The results indicated that tillage and rice straw retention had a great impact on soil properties at 0-10 cm soil depth. The soil aeration, and concentrations of soil nutrient and soil Cd increased under CTS, CT, and RTS. Due to the shallow plow layers, soil nutrient pools and the Cd concentration in rice shoot decreased in long-term tilled soil. Under long-term no-tillage, the soil bulk, soil nutrient pools and Cd concentration in rice shoot increased, but concentrations of soil nutrients decreased. In addition, rice straw returning significantly increased the soil nutrient concentrations, cation exchange capacity, depth of plow layer, and soil nutrient pools. However, the Cd in the rice straw was also returned to the soil by rice straw returning, which would not benefit the remediation of soil Cd. Therefore, it is necessary to improve tillage and straw retention practices due to the disadvantages of long-term continuous single tillage method and rice straw returning practices. Some recommended managements (e.g., rotational tillage or subsoiling, reducing straw returning amount, and rotational straw returning) could be good options in enhancing soil fertility and remedying soil pollution.

Effects of winter cover crops straws incorporation on CH4 and N2O emission from double-cropping paddy fields in southern China.

Residue management in cropping systems is believed to improve soil quality. However, the effects of residue management on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from paddy field in Southern China have not been well researched. The emissions of CH4 and N2O were investigated in double cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) systems with straw returning of different winter cover crops by using the static chamber-gas chromatography technique. A randomized block experiment with three replications was established in 2004 in Hunan Province, China, including rice-rice-ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) (Ry-R-R), rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) (Mv-R-R) and rice-rice with winter fallow (Fa-R-R). The results showed that straw returning of winter crops significantly increased the CH4 emission during both rice growing seasons when compared with Fa-R-R. Ry-R-R plots had the largest CH4 emissions during the early rice growing season with 14.235 and 15.906 g m(-2) in 2012 and 2013, respectively, when Ry-R-R plots had the largest CH4 emission during the later rice growing season with 35.673 and 38.606 g m(-2) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The Ry-R-R and Mv-R-R also had larger N2O emissions than Fa-R-R in both rice seasons. When compared to Fa-R-R, total N2O emissions in the early rice growing season were increased by 0.05 g m(-2) in Ry-R-R and 0.063 g m(-2) in Mv-R-R in 2012, and by 0.058 g m(-2) in Ry-R-R and 0.068 g m(-2) in Mv-R-R in 2013, respectively. Similar result were obtained in the late rice growing season, and the total N2O emissions were increased by 0.104 g m(-2) in Ry-R-R and 0.073 g m(-2) in Mv-R-R in 2012, and by 0.108 g m(-2) in Ry-R-R and 0.076 g m(-2) in Mv-R-R in 2013, respectively. The global warming potentials (GWPs) from paddy fields were ranked as Ry-R-R>Mv-R-R>Fa-R-R. As a result, straw returning of winter cover crops has significant effects on increase of CH4 and N2O emission from paddy field in double cropping rice system.

[Effects of winter cover crop on methane and nitrous oxide emission from paddy field].

Static chamber-GC technique was employed to study the effects of different treatment winter cover crops, including no-tillage and directly sowing ryegrass (T1), no-tillage and directly sowing Chinese milk vetch (T2), tillage and transplanting rape (T3), no-tillage and directly sowing rape (T4), and fallowing (CK), on the CH4 and N2O emission from double cropping rice paddy field. During the growth period of test winter cover crops, the CH4 and N2O emission in treatments T1-T4 was significantly higher than that in CK (P < 0.01). Treatments T1 and T3 not only had the largest CH4 emission (0.60 and 0.88 g x m(-2)), but also had the largest N2O emission (0.20 and 0.23 g x m(-2), respectively). After the winter cover crops returned to field, the CH4 emission from early and late rice fields in treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 was larger than that in CK. In early rice field, treatments T1 and T2 had the largest CH4 emission (21.70 and 20.75 g x m(-2)); while in late rice field, treatments T3 and T4 had the largest one (58.90 and 54.51 g x m(-2) respectively). Treatments T1-T4 also had larger N2O emission from early and late rice fields than the CK did. The N2O emission from early rice field in treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 was increased by 53.7%, 12.2%, 46.3%, and 29.3%, and that from late rice field in corresponding treatments was increased by 28.6%, 3.8%, 34.3%, and 27.6%, respectively, compared with CK.