Insights into the removal of antibiotics from livestock and aquaculture wastewater by algae-bacteria symbiosis systems.

With the burgeoning growth of the livestock and aquaculture industries, antibiotic residues in treated wastewater have become a serious ecological threat. Traditional biological wastewater treatment technologies-while effective for removing conventional pollutants, such as organic carbon, ammonia and phosphate-struggle to eliminate emerging contaminants, notably antibiotics. Recently, the use of microalgae has emerged as a sustainable and promising approach for the removal of antibiotics due to their non-target status, rapid growth and carbon recovery capabilities. This review aims to analyse the current state of antibiotic removal from wastewater using algae-bacteria symbiosis systems and provide valuable recommendations for the development of livestock/aquaculture wastewater treatment technologies. It (1) summarises the biological removal mechanisms of typical antibiotics, including bioadsorption, bioaccumulation, biodegradation and co-metabolism; (2) discusses the roles of intracellular regulation, involving extracellular polymeric substances, pigments, antioxidant enzyme systems, signalling molecules and metabolic pathways; (3) analyses the role of treatment facilities in facilitating algae-bacteria symbiosis, such as sequencing batch reactors, stabilisation ponds, membrane bioreactors and bioelectrochemical systems; and (4) provides insights into bottlenecks and potential solutions. This review offers valuable information on the mechanisms and strategies involved in the removal of antibiotics from livestock/aquaculture wastewater through the symbiosis of microalgae and bacteria.

Identification of m6A-associated autophagy genes in non-alcoholic fatty liver.

Background: Studies had shown that autophagy was closely related to nonalcoholic fat liver disease (NAFLD), while N6-methyladenosine (m6A) was involved in the regulation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of m6A related autophagy in NAFLD was unclear. Methods: The NAFLD related datasets were gained via the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and we also extracted 232 autophagy-related genes (ARGs) and 37 m6A. First, differentially expressed ARGs (DE-ARGs) and differentially expressed m6A (DE-m6A) were screened out by differential expression analysis. DE-ARGs associated with m6A were sifted out by Pearson correlation analysis, and the m6A-ARGs relationship pairs were acquired. Then, autophagic genes in m6A-ARGs pairs were analyzed for machine learning algorithms to obtain feature genes. Further, we validated the relationship between feature genes and NAFLD through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot (WB). Finally, the immuno-infiltration analysis was implement, and we also constructed the TF-mRNA and drug-gene networks. Results: There were 19 DE-ARGs and four DE-m6A between NAFLD and normal samples. The three m6A genes and five AGRs formed the m6A-ARGs relationship pairs. Afterwards, genes obtained from machine learning algorithms were intersected to yield three feature genes (TBK1, RAB1A, and GOPC), which showed significant positive correlation with astrocytes, macrophages, smooth muscle, and showed significant negative correlation with epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Besides, qRT-PCR and WB indicate that TBK1, RAB1A and GOPC significantly upregulated in NAFLD. Ultimately, we found that the TF-mRNA network included FOXP1-GOPC, ATF1-RAB1A and other relationship pairs, and eight therapeutic agents such as R-406 and adavosertib were predicted based on the TBK1. Conclusion: The study investigated the potential molecular mechanisms of m6A related autophagy feature genes (TBK1, RAB1A, and GOPC) in NAFLD through bioinformatic analyses and animal model validation. However, it is critical to note that these findings, although consequential, demonstrate correlations rather than cause-and-effect relationships. As such, more research is required to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and validate the clinical relevance of these feature genes.

Tumor immunotherapy resistance: Revealing the mechanism of PD-1 / PD-L1-mediated tumor immune escape.

Tumor immunotherapy, an innovative anti-cancer therapy, has showcased encouraging outcomes across diverse tumor types. Among these, the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway is a well-known immunological checkpoint, which is significant in the regulation of immune evasion by tumors. Nevertheless, a considerable number of patients develop resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, rendering it ineffective in the long run. This research focuses on exploring the factors of PD-1/PD-L1-mediated resistance in tumor immunotherapy. Initially, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is characterized by its role in facilitating tumor immune evasion, emphasizing its role in autoimmune homeostasis. Next, the primary mechanisms of resistance to PD-1/PD-L1-based immunotherapy are analyzed, including tumor antigen deletion, T cell dysfunction, increased immunosuppressive cells, and alterations in the expression of PD-L1 within tumor cells. The possible ramifications of altered metabolism, microbiota, and DNA methylation on resistance is also described. Finally, possible resolution strategies for dealing with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy resistance are discussed, placing particular emphasis on personalized therapeutic approaches and the exploration of more potent immunotherapy regimens.

Speciation, leachability, and phytoaccessibility of heavy metals during thermochemical liquefaction of contaminated peanut straw.

In this study, the speciation, leachability, phytoaccessibility, and environmental risks of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, and Cu) during liquefaction of contaminated peanut straw in ethanol at different temperatures (220, 260, 300, 340, and 380 °C) were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that elevated temperatures facilitated heavy metal accumulation in the biochar. The acid-soluble/exchangeable and reducible fraction percentages of heavy metals were substantially reduced in the biochar after liquefaction as the temperature increased, and the oxidizable fraction became the dominant heavy metal fraction, accounting for 44.14-78.67%. Furthermore, although an excessively high liquefaction temperature (380 °C) increased the residual fraction percentages of Zn and Cu, it was detrimental to Cd immobilization. The acid-soluble/exchangeable Cd in the contaminated peanut straw readily migrates to the bio-oil during liquefaction, with the highest concentration of 1.60 mg/kg at 260 °C liquefaction temperature, whereas Zn and Cu are predominantly bound to the unexchangeable fraction in the bio-oil. Liquefaction inhibited heavy metal leachability and phytoaccessibility in biochar, the lowest extraction rates of Cd, Zn, and Cu were 0.71%, 1.66% and 0.95% by diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, respectively. However, the leaching and extraction concentrations increased when the temperature was raised to 380 °C. Additionally, heavy metal risk was reduced from medium and high risk to no and low risk. In summary, liquefaction reduces heavy metal toxicity and the risks associated with contaminated peanut straw, and a temperature range of 300-340 °C for ethanol liquefaction can be considered optimal for stabilizing heavy metals.

Real-world tobacco cessation practice in China: findings from the prospective, nationwide multicenter China National Tobacco Cessation Cohort Study (CNTCCS).

Background: Tobacco cessation is proven to be the most effective and cost-effective strategy for smokers to reduce their risk of smoking-related disease and premature death. Providing effective, efficient, safe, and patient-centred tobacco cessation treatment to reach those who need them is a significant challenge. To date, only a few nationwide studies in China have assessed the overall clinical care practice and treatment outcome of tobacco cessation. Methods: This a prospective, nationwide, multicenter, cohort study covering all Eastern China, Northwest China, Central China, North China, Southwest China, Northeast China, and South China. Participants who were current smokers aged 18-85 years attending clinic for smoking cessation were included. All the participants were treated with 3-month cessation treatment and followed up for 3 months. Data were collected prospectively using online system. The primary outcome was 7-day point abstinence rate at 24 weeks, validated biochemically by an expired carbon monoxide level of less than 10 ppm. The participants lost to follow-up or not providing validation were included as non-abstainers. Findings: A representative sample of 3557 participants were recruited and 2943 participants were included into this analysis. These participants had mean age of 53.05 years, and 94.8% were males, with 75.8% showing symptoms of tobacco dependence. A total of 965 (32.8%) participants were treated with Bupropion + behavioural counselling, followed by 935 (31.8%) with behavioural counselling, 778 (26.4%) with Varenicline + behavioural counselling, 135 (4.6%) with alternative treatments + behavioural counselling, and 130 (4.4%) with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) + behavioural counselling. After 3-month treatment and 3-month follow-up, 21.74% of the participants quit smoking at 24 weeks. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, quitting smoking was significantly associated with female, higher socioeconomic status, poor health condition, different treatment received, and less smoking intensity. The tobacco cessation treatment varied widely across different areas of China. In particular, the areas with higher usage of cessation medication were associated with better cessation treatment outcome. Interpretation: The CNTCCS is the first large-scale nationwide cohort study of smoking cessation in China. Rich data collected from this prospective cohort study provided the opportunity to evaluate the clinical practice of tobacco cessation treatment in China. Funding: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Initiative for Innovative Medicine (CAMS 2021-I2M-1-010), Heilongjiang Provincial Science and Technology Key Program (2022ZXJ03C02), and National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2017YFC1309400).

Impaired function of dendritic cells within the tumor microenvironment.

Dendritic cells (DCs), a class of professional antigen-presenting cells, are considered key factors in the initiation and maintenance of anti-tumor immunity due to their powerful ability to present antigen and stimulate T-cell responses. The important role of DCs in controlling tumor growth and mediating potent anti-tumor immunity has been demonstrated in various cancer models. Accordingly, the infiltration of stimulatory DCs positively correlates with the prognosis and response to immunotherapy in a variety of solid tumors. However, accumulating evidence indicates that DCs exhibit a significantly dysfunctional state, ultimately leading to an impaired anti-tumor immune response due to the effects of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, numerous preclinical and clinical studies are exploring immunotherapeutic strategies to better control tumors by restoring or enhancing the activity of DCs in tumors, such as the popular DC-based vaccines. In this review, an overview of the role of DCs in controlling tumor progression is provided, followed by a summary of the current advances in understanding the mechanisms by which the TME affects the normal function of DCs, and concluding with a brief discussion of current strategies for DC-based tumor immunotherapy.

Fabricating strong and tough aramid fibers by small addition of carbon nanotubes.

Synthetic high-performance fibers present excellent mechanical properties and promising applications in the impact protection field. However, fabricating fibers with high strength and high toughness is challenging due to their intrinsic conflicts. Herein, we report a simultaneous improvement in strength, toughness, and modulus of heterocyclic aramid fibers by 26%, 66%, and 13%, respectively, via polymerizing a small amount (0.05 wt%) of short aminated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), achieving a tensile strength of 6.44 ± 0.11 GPa, a toughness of 184.0 ± 11.4 MJ m-3, and a Young's modulus of 141.7 ± 4.0 GPa. Mechanism analyses reveal that short aminated SWNTs improve the crystallinity and orientation degree by affecting the structures of heterocyclic aramid chains around SWNTs, and in situ polymerization increases the interfacial interaction therein to promote stress transfer and suppress strain localization. These two effects account for the simultaneous improvement in strength and toughness.

SIRT7 affects autophagy and activation of hepatic stellate cells by regulating the acetylation level of high mobility group protein 1.

OBJECTIVE: Preventing the progression of hepatic fibrosis is an important strategy to improve the prognosis of liver disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of sirtuin7 (SIRT7) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) acetylation in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hepatic fibrosis mice model was induced by CCl4. TGF-ß1 was used to activated quiescent hepatic stellate cell (qHSC) into activated HSC (aHSC). Hematoxylin-eosin evaluated hepatic fibrosis in vivo, and the distribution of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) or HMGB1 was detected by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. The expressions of SIRT7, autophagy related proteins, and HSC activation-related proteins were detected by Western blot. Immunoprecipitation detected the acetylation level of HMGB1. Lysine mutants of HMGB1 were constructed in vitro to explore the acetylation sites of HMGB1. RESULTS: Hepatocyte autophagy and activation levels were enhanced in CCl4 group or aHSC group, and the acetylation level of HMGB1 was increased. Nuclear transfer of HMGB1 occurred in aHSC, and HMGB1was mainly distributed in cytoplasm. The expression of SIRT7 in CCl4 group or aHSC group was most significantly decreased, and knockdown of SIRT7 leads to increased levels of HSCs autophagy and activation. Overexpression of SIRT7 or interference of HMGB1 alone in aHSC can reduce the level of autophagy and activation of aHSC. However, continued overexpression of SIRT7 in shHMGB1-aHSC could not reduce the autophagy and activation levels of aHSC. Among the 11 Flag-HMGB1 mutants, the acetylation level of K86R-Flag-HMGB1 was the lowest. The acetylation level of K86R-Flag-HMGB1 did not change due to SIRT7 downregulation. CONCLUSION: This study proved that SIRT7 can directly target the K86R site of HMGB1 and participate in regulating the expression and distribution of HMGB1, thus affecting the autophagy and activation level of HSCs.

Review on fate and bioavailability of heavy metals during anaerobic digestion and composting of animal manure.

Anaerobic digestion and composting are attracting increasing attention due to the increased production of animal manure. It is essential to know about the fate and bioavailability of heavy metals (HMs) for further utilisation of animal manure. This review has systematically summarised the migration of HMs and the transformation of several typical HMs (Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Pb) during anaerobic digestion and composting. The results showed that organic matter degradation increased the HMs content in biogas residue and compost (with the exception of As in compost). HMs migrated into biogas residue during anaerobic digestion through various mechanisms. Most of HMs in biogas residue and compost exceeded relevant standards. Then, anaerobic digestion increased the bioavailable fractions proportion in Zn and Cd, decreased the F4 proportion, and raised them more than moderate environmental risks. As (III) was the main species in the digester, which extremely increased As toxicity. The increase of F3 proportion in Cu and Pb was due to sulphide formation in biogas residue. Whereas, the high humus content in compost greatly increased the F3 proportion in Cu. The F1 proportion in Zn decreased, but the plant availability of Zn in compost did not reduce significantly. Cd and As mainly converted the bioavailable fractions into stable fractions during composting, but As (V) toxicity needs to be concerned. Moreover, additives are only suitable for animal manure treated with slightly HM contaminated. Therefore, it is necessary to combine more comprehensive methods to improve the manure treatment and make product utilisation safer.

Effects of antibiotics on anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: Performance of anaerobic digestion and structure of the microbial community.

As a common biological engineering technology, anaerobic digestion can stabilize sewage sludge and convert the carbon compounds into renewable energy (i.e., methane). However, anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge is severely affected by antibiotics. This review summarizes the effects of different antibiotics on anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, including production of methane and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and discusses the impact of antibiotics on biotransformation processes (solubilization, hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis and methanogenesis). Moreover, the effects of different antibiotics on microbial community structure (bacteria and archaea) were determined. Most of the research results showed that antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations can reduce biogas production mainly by inhibiting methanogenic processes, that is, methanogenic archaea activity, while a few antibiotics can improve biogas production. Moreover, the combination of multiple environmental concentrations of antibiotics inhibited the efficiency of methane production from sludge anaerobic digestion. In addition, some lab-scale pretreatment methods (e.g., ozone, ultrasonic combined ozone, zero-valent iron, Fe3+ and magnetite) can promote the performance of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge inhibited by antibiotics.

Biotechnology in China - regulation, investment, and delayed commercialization.

China has been investing heavily in biotechnology to increase agricultural productivity. While a number of Chinese developed GM crops have cleared the required scientific hurdles - some more than a decade ago - commercialization has not been approved. The regulatory regime for GMOs in China is relatively less well understood than that of the US or the EU. This paper provides a systematic overview of China's regulatory regime, R&D investment and delayed commercialization decisions on biotechnology over the last 40 years and draws some conclusions regarding the likelihood of the commercialization for major GM crops in the future.

Slaked lime improves growth, antioxidant capacity and reduces Cd accumulation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Cd stress.

Slaked lime has been used to remediate contaminated agricultural soils as an in situ chemical immobilization amendment for a long time. However, the effects of slaked lime on peanut and soil cadmium (Cd) levels remain poorly understood with respect to remediating Cd-contaminated soil. In this study, six rates of slaked lime (e.g., 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 kg ha-1) were applied to evaluate the effects of slaked lime treatments on soil pH and the growth, Cd accumulation and physiology characteristics of peanut, which were in Cd-contaminated soil, and 0 kg ha-1 was taken as the control. The results indicated that slaked lime application significantly increased soil pH and reduced total Cd contents in peanut tissues at all growth stages. As the rates of slaked lime were increased, kernel biomass increased in the maturity stage, which increased peanut yields. The irregular variations in catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities and chlorophyll and malondialdehyde contents that were observed at all growth stages may be due to the interactions among soil pH, Ca nutrients and Cd, etc. In summary, slaked lime is suitable as an in situ chemical immobilization amendment to increase Cd immobilization and peanut yields in Cd-contaminated soil.

Graphdiyne/Graphene/Graphdiyne Sandwiched Carbonaceous Anode for Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Graphdiyne (GDY) has been considered as an appealing anode candidate for K-ion storage since its triangular pore channel, alkyne-rich structure, and large interlayer spacing would endow it with abundant active sites and ideal diffusion paths for K-ions. Nevertheless, the low surface area and disordered structure of bulk GDY typically lead to unsatisfied K storage performance. Herein, we have designed a GDY/graphene/GDY (GDY/Gr/GDY) sandwiched architecture affording a high surface area and fine quality throughout a van der Waals epitaxy strategy. As tested in a half-cell configuration, the GDY/Gr/GDY electrode exhibits better capacity output, rate capability, and cyclic stability as compared to the bare GDY counterpart. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy/Raman spectroscopy/transmission electron microscopy are further applied to probe the K-ion storage feature and disclose the favorable reversibility of GDY/Gr/GDY electrode during repeated potassiation/depotassiation. A full-cell device comprising a GDY/Gr/GDY anode and a potassium Prussian blue cathode enables a high cycling stability, demonstrative of the promising potential of the GDY/Gr/GDY anode for K-ion batteries.

Speciation and environmental risk of heavy metals in biochars produced by pyrolysis of chicken manure and water-washed swine manure.

This study was conducted to investigate the speciation, bioavailability and environmental risk of heavy metals (HMs) in chicken manure (CM) and water-washed swine manure (WSM) and their biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (200 to 800 °C). As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the remaining proportion, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), HCl and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) of HMs gradually declined. This result proved that the speciation of HMs in chicken manure biochars (CMB) and water-washed swine manure biochars (WSMB) was influenced by pyrolysis temperature. The proportions of stable fractions were enhanced with increased pyrolysis temperature and weakened the HM validity for vegetation at 800 °C. Finally, the results of the risk assessment showed that the environmental risk of HMs in CMB and WSMB decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Therefore, pyrolysis at 800 °C can provide a practical approach to lessen the initial and underlying heavy metal toxicity of CMB and WSMB to the environment.

Enhancing cadmium extraction potential of Brassica napus: Effect of rhizosphere interactions.

Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape) was grown with daikon and white lupin in a polyvinyl chloride split pot experiment (with no barrier between the compartments or by a nylon mesh barrier (37 µm) to license partial root interaction, or a solid barrier to stop any root interactions) to examine the effect of rhizosphere interaction on the cadmium uptake. The results showed that shoot and root biomasses of oilseed rape were 40.66% and 26.94% less than that of the monocropped treatment (solid barrier) when intercropping with daikon under the rhizosphere complete interaction. However, the intermingling of roots between oilseed rape and white lupin notably enhanced the dry biomass of oilseed rape by 40.23% and decreased with the reduction of root contact. Oilseed rape intercropping with daikon enhanced the shoot Cd concentration of oilseed rape. The shoot Cd concentration (44.8 mg/kg) of oilseed rape when intercropped white lupin under complete rhizosphere interaction were greater than those of other treatments. Additionally, the intermingling of roots played a positive role in the content of citric and malic acids when intercropping with white lupin. In all systems, the BCF values of oilseed rape >5. Therefore, intercropping with white lupin may contribute to higher biomass and increased uptake Cd by oilseed rape. We can toward sustainable positive effects on phytoremediation that based on a better understanding of rhizosphere processes.

The migration, transformation, and risk assessment of heavy metals in residue and bio-oil obtained by the liquefaction of pig manure.

The total contents and chemical speciation analysis of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cd, and As in pig manure (PM), liquefaction residues (LRs), and bio-oils (BOs) derived from PM by liquefaction with ethanol as a solvent at 180-300 °C were thoroughly investigated in this study. The environment risk assessment, leachability, and bioavailability of heavy metals in PM and LRs were studied. The results showed that more than 75% of heavy metals remained in LRs. The total contents of heavy metals in LRs were markedly elevated, but those in BOs gradually decreased with the increase in liquefaction temperature. Moreover, the acid soluble/exchangeable fraction and reducible fraction (F1 + F2) of heavy metals in LRs and BOs was significantly reduced, while oxidizable fraction and stable fraction (F3 + F4) desirably increased after liquefaction. Furthermore, the potential risk of heavy metals in LRs was decreased in comparison to that in PM, but the risk of Pb, Mn, and As had not been obviously reduced; therefore, the LRs from the liquefaction of PM should be pretreated before recycling. Temperatures from 220 to 260 °C were the optimum conditions for disposing of PM by liquefaction with ethanol.

Effect of the direct use of biomass in agricultural soil on heavy metals __ activation or immobilization?

In recent years, the biomass was directly used extensively in agriculture due to its low cost and convenience. Increasingly serious soil pollution of heavy metals may pose threats and risks to human health. Directly addition of biomass to soil may affect the bioavailability and content of heavy metals. Here, we reviewed the impact of direct application of oil cake, manure, sewage sludge, straw and municipal waste to soil on the form and concentration of heavy metals in soil, and also emphasized the role of biomass in soil heavy metals remediation. Heavy metals can be activated in a short term by the content of heavy metals in biomass, the production of low-molecular-weight organic acids by biomass application, and the oxidation of sulfides (except for ammoniation). However, heavy metals in soil can be immobilized by humic substances. These can be produced by biomass during a long-term application to soil. Moreover, the degree of immobilization depended on the kind of biomass. Biomass contaminated by heavy metals cannot be returned to the field directly. Therefore, Mitigating the activation of heavy metals in the early stage of biomass application is meaningful, especially for application of these biomass such as straw, sewage sludge and municipal waste. Future researches should focus on the heavy metal control on direct use of biomass in agricultural.

Nanoscale zerovalent iron, carbon nanotubes and biochar facilitated the phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated sediments by changing cadmium fractions, sediments properties and bacterial community structure.

Environment functional materials have been widely used, but whether their effects on the contaminated environment could facilitate phytoremediation is not yet well understood. In this study, starch stabilized nanoscale zerovalent iron (SN), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MW) and tea waste derived biochar (TB) were used to facilitate the phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) contaminated sediments by Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. Results showed that 100 mg/kg SN, 500 mg/kg MW and 500 mg/kg TB facilitated phytoremediation, as evidenced by increasing Cd accumulation and/or promoting plant growth. These concentrations of materials increased the reducible fraction of Cd by 9-10% and decreased the oxidizable proportion of Cd by 48-52%, indicating the improvement of Cd bioavailability through converting the oxidizable Cd into reducible form. The activities of urease, phosphatase and catalase, which related to nutrient utilization and oxidative stress alleviation, increased by 20-24%, 25-26%, and 8-9% in the sediments treated with 500 mg/kg MW and 500 mg/kg TB, respectively. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene sequence results showed that these concentrations of materials changed the bacterial diversity. The abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae and Firmicutes were increased by some of the applied materials, which could promote plant growth, change Cd bioavailability and reduce Cd toxicity. These findings indicated that the applied environment functional materials could facilitate the phytoremediation of Cd contaminated environment by changing Cd fractions, sediments properties and bacterial community structure.

A Multi-Core Object Detection Coprocessor for Multi-Scale/Type Classification Applicable to IoT Devices.

Power efficiency is becoming a critical aspect of IoT devices. In this paper, we present a compact object-detection coprocessor with multiple cores for multi-scale/type classification. This coprocessor is capable to process scalable block size for multi-shape detection-window and can be compatible with the frame-image sizes up to 2048 × 2048 for multi-scale classification. A memory-reuse strategy that requires only one dual-port SRAM for storing the feature-vector of one-row blocks is developed to save memory usage. Eventually, a prototype platform is implemented on the Intel DE4 development board with the Stratix IV device. The power consumption of each core in FPGA is only 80.98 mW.