Expression and implication of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in prostate cancer / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression and the biological behaviors of prostate carcinoma (PCa).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of COX-2 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR method in 32 samples of PCa and the COX-2/GAPDH value was determined. Seven normal prostate tissues were served as control.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of COX-2 mRNA in normal tissue of 7 control cases was all negative. There was statistical correlation between the COX-2/GAPDH and the Gleason scores of PCa. There also showed statistical correlation between the COX-2/GAPDH and the stages of PCa.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>COX-2 mRNA play an important role in occurrence and progression of the PCa. COX-2 is a tumor marker which may be the possible prognostic factor of PCa.</p>

Combined treatment applied to advanced cancer of abdominal cryptorchidism (report of 12 cases) / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the treatment of advanced cancer of abdominal cryptorchidism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The combined method, including preoperation chemotherapy + surgery + postoperation radiotherapy and chemotherapy, was used to treat 12 cases of the advanced cancer of abdominal cryptorchidism and the effects were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patients recovered smoothly without complications of operation. The side effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy was very slight. Eleven out of 12 cases were followed up. All 11 cases survived and had no recurrence.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results of combined method to treat advanced cancer of abdominal cryptorchidism is very perfect.</p>

Anergic cells induced by the blockade of CD40-CD154 and CD28-B7 costimulatory pathways act as potent immunoregulatory cells in vitro and vivo / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>This study was to evaluate whether anergic cells induced by the blockade of CD40-CD154 and CD28-B7 costimulatory pathways can act as potent immunoregulatory cells in vitro and prolong cardiac allograft survival after adoptive transfer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Anergic cells were induced in vitro by the addition of anti-CD154 and anti-CD80 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to primary MLR (mixed lymphocyte reaction) consisting of BALB/c as responder and C3H as stimulator. Anergic cells were added to a newly formed MLR in assessing the regulatory capacity and antigen specificity of anergic cells. The ability of anergic cells to respond to antigen and/or exogenous recombinant mouse interleukin-2 (rmIL-2) was tested. For in vivo studies, anergic cells were intravenously injected into 3.0-Gy gamma-irradiated BALB/c mice immediately after heterotopic abdominal cardiac transplantation. To prolong allograft survival, recipient mice injected with anergic cells received rapamycin therapy [1 mg.day(-1).kg(-1)].</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Anergic cells strongly suppressed the proliferation of naicaron;ve BALB/c splenocytes against the original (C3H) stimulator in a dose-dependent manner, but they failed to suppress the proliferation of naicaron;ve BALB/c splenocytes against the third-party (C57BL/6J) stimulator. The anergic state was reversed by both original (C3H) stimulator and additional exogenous IL-2. In in vivo studies, untreated irradiated BALB/c mice rejected C3H cardiac allografts with a mean survival time of (8.6 +/- 1.1) days, whereas those injected with the anergic cells rejected the allografts with a mean survival time of (11.8 +/- 1.9) days, which was slightly longer than that of the untreated mice. The protocol based on anergic cells injection plus rapamycin therapy could prolong allograft survival significantly [(29.6 +/- 4.4) days].</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Anergic cells induced by the blockade of CD40-CD154 and CD28-B7 costimulatory pathways can act as potent immunoregulatory cells in vitro, and prolong cardiac allograft survival after adoptive transfer in the presence of rapamycin therapy. This procedure might be clinically useful for prolonging allograft survival if optimal protocols are developed.</p>

Expression of fractalkine and its receptor in acute cardiac allografts rejection / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of fractalkine (FKN) and its receptor CX3CR1 in cardiac allografts and the effect of Cyclosporin A (CsA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three groups of rats underwent heterotopic cardiac transplantation, 45 cases in each group and 5 cases in control group: SD to SD regarded as isograft group (group A), Wistar to SD divided into CsA untreated allograft group (group B) and CsA treated allograft group (group C), normal SD rats as control group. The FKN mRNA expression was detected by one-step RT-PCR method and the expression of FKN and CX3CR1 protein was detected by standard ABC immunohistochemical technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of FKN mRNA and protein was weak in both isografts and normal heart specimens. The changes of FKN mRNA expression were correlated with the process of acute allograft rejection. The peak of FKN mRNA expression (0.8 +/- 0.26) appeared on the seventh day after transplantation, which could be down-regulated by CsA significantly (t = 2.390, P < 0.05). FKN protein was located in endothelia cells and its receptor CX3CR1 was located in infiltrating mononuclear cells in allografts.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Upregulation of FKN and its receptor was significantly correlated with the trafficking of mononuclear cells which play an important role in acute allograft rejection. It may be one of the important mechanisms of CsA to intervene the acute rejection by inhibiting the activation of the FKN-CX3CR1 pathway.</p>

The treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia by means of transurethral holmium laser enucleation / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To evaluate the clinical effect of the holmium laser enucleation and morcellation of prostate (HoLEP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In the treatment of 35 BPH patients, 100 watt high-powered holmium laser set was used transurethrally and a reciprocating blade tissue morcellator was introduced via a nephroscope to enucleate and morcellate the prostatic tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Operations in all 35 cases were successful. The average operation time was 60 +/- 23.2 (range 30-180) min. The removed prostatic tissue weighed 31 +/- 9 (range 10-56) g on average. The average catheter time was 1.5 d (from 20 h to 4 d). No blood transfusion was performed in all cases. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of BPH in all cases. In the 3-month follow up of 32 cases, IPSS dropped from 24 +/- 6.2 to 5.6 +/- 3.6; the peak urinary flow rate(Qmax) went up from 8.5 +/- 3.9 ml/s to 22.0 +/- 7.2 ml/s; the residual volume of urine dropped from 138 +/- 125 ml to 21 +/- 15 ml. No serious complications were found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HoLEP is effective in treating BPH. It can completely enucleate the hyperplastic tissue with little bleeding in operation. The treatment has the advantages of short catheter time and significant clinical improvements.</p>

Some controversial conditions in the management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome / 中华男科学杂志

Chronic prostatitis (CP)/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is a common problem of medically controversial condition that causes considerable morbidity and impact on life. Although there are many competing causes proposed, the etiology and pathogenesis of CP/CPPS remain unclear. The causative factors underlying the CPPS are not fully understood. The optimal management of CP/CPPS is still unknown. The guideline of diagnosis and management of CP/CPPS based on evidence base medicine is not yet established. Many problems are still not resolved, such as the significance of leukocytes and the role of inflammation in CP/CPPS, the significance of bacteria presence and the role of infection in CP/CPPS, the correlation between leukocytes/bacteria and severity of symptoms, how to divide the subgroups of CP/CPPS, the role of antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of men with CP/CPPS, why patients with category IIIb complain of symptoms, while those with category IV complain of none. Although CP/CPPS is now achieving greater recognition, well-designed studies with large sample size should be performed.

Expression of androgen receptor isoforms in normal human prostate / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of androgen receptor (AR) isoforms in normal human prostate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourteen normal prostatic specimens from donors, aged 25 on average (21-28 yr), were analyzed by high resolution isoelectric focusing (IEF). The expression of AR isoforms was demonstrated in all 14 normal human prostatic tissues.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Four types of AR isoforms were detected with isoelectric point value at 6.5, 6.0, 5.8 and 5.3 in 14 prostatic specimens. Binding of 3H-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to these four AR isoforms was inhibited by the addition of 100-fold excess of DHT and testosterone. No effect of progesterone, estradiol and diethylstilbestrol on tritiated hormone binding was observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are four AR isoforms in normal human prostate. The expression of AR isoforms is different from one another.</p>

Androgen receptor isoforms in LNCaP cell and human prostate / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the androgen receptor (AR) isoforms expression in human benign and malignant prostatic tissues and LNCaP cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using high resolution isoelectric focusing (IEF), the different expression of AR isoforms were demosntrated in human benign and malignant prostatic tissues and LNCaP cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Data were obtained from 41 AR-positive BPH, three prostatic cancer specimens, and LNCaP cells. From these materials, three types of AR isoforms were detected with pI values at 6.5, 6.0 and 5.3. In the case of BPH tissues, 15 (36.5%) specimens expressed all the three types of isoforms at pI 6.5, 6.0 and 5.3, and 10 (24.4%) samples contained isoforms at pI 6.5 and 5.3, five (12.2%) samples indicated isoforms at pI 6.5 and 6.0, four (9.8%) showed the isoforms at pI 6.0 and 5.3. Of all the 41 specimens, two (4.9%) and two (4.9%) as well as three (7.3%) denoted the isoforme at pI 6.5, 6.0 and 5.3 respectively. As for three prostatic cancer specimens, one sample showed all the three types of AR isoforms at pI 6.5, 6.0, 5.3, but another specimen expressed at pI 6.5 and 6.0, and only one failed to indicate any types of isoforms. LNCaP cells expressed all three types of AR isoforms at pI 6.5, 6.0 and 5.3. Binding of 3H-dihydrotestosterone to these three types of isoforms was inhibited by the addition of 100-fold excess of DHT and testosterone. No effect of progesterone, oestradiol and diethylstilboestrol on tritiated hormone binding was observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The expression of AR isoforms is different among various patients and different between BPH and LNCaP cells, though no clear explanation could be induced for this. These results suggest the possibility of explaining effective hormonal therapy to prostatic disease in the future.</p>

Characteristic pattern of human prostatic growth with age / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the characteristic pattern of the age-related growth of the human prostate gland.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The volume (weight) of the prostate in 1,601 males, aged from newborn to 92 years, was determined by B-ultrasonography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Prostatic volume determination by B-ultrasonography in 1601 males (1301 normal subjects and 300 BPH patients) pointed out that the age-stratified growth of human prostate could be categorized into 4 life stages: (1) the first slow growing phase (from newborn to 9 years): the prostate grows slowly at a rate of 0.14 g per year; (2) the first rapid growing phase (from 10 to 30 years): the prostate grows at a rate of 0.84 g per year; (3) the second slow growing phase (from 30 to 50 years), the prostate grows at a rate of 0.21 g per year; (4) the second rapid growing phase (from 50 to 90 years): the prostate grows at one of the following rates: in one group the growth rate is of 0.50 g per year and in the other 1.20 g per year, leading to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The volumes of the prostate are different in different age groups and it grows with age at different rates in four life phases. The prostate growth in phases can be expressed by the following equation: Y=19.36+1.36X'-0.58X'(2+0.33X'3), where Y = prostate volume, X = age (up to 70 years), X'=(X-35.5)/10.</p>

The cytotoxic effect,cell cycle perturbations and apoptosis of paclitaxel in human bladder cancer lines / 中国癌症杂志

Purpose:To determine the efficacy of paclitaxel in human bladder cancer lines and to investigate the mechanism by which paclita xel induce apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells. Methods:BIU-87, 5637, T24 and EJ bladder cancer cell lines wer e cultured by techniques of cell culture in vitro. The cytotoxic activity an d apoptosis induction abilities of paclitaxel were analyzed by MTT and Annexin- V assay as well as DNA cytometry , respectively. The effects on the cell cycle w ere assessed by flow cytometry of propidium iodide. The expressions of Bcl-2, B ax, p53 and Caspase3 proteins were determined by flow cytometry immunofluorescen ce. Results:Paclitaxel dose-dependent inhibition of cell prolifera tion was seen.Paclitaxel induced G_2/M arrest (71.29% and 64.57%) which was maximal in 5637 and EJ cell lines. While paclitaxel at 1?g/ml concentration ex posure to 5637 12h, 14h and 48h respectively, the apoptosis rates of the respect ive times were 5.0%, 12.9%, 27.6%. The expression of genes p53 and Bcl-2 was no t influenced, whereas the expression of Bax and Caspase3 had increases time-dep endently after exposure to paclitaxel. The analysis of Annexin-V showed a drama tic dose-dependent increase of apoptosis. Conclusions:Paclitaxel inhibited bladder cancer cells prolifera tion and had more effect on those cells whose grade was lower and doubling time was longer. Paclitaxel could block G_2/M arrest, and induce apoptosis by th e path of Bcl-2/Bax in bladder cancer cell lines.