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Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), the major bio-active ginsenoside that originated from the root of Panax ginseng, has become a "hot topic" for playing multifunctional roles in both tumor treatment and tumor microenvironment (TME) immunomodulation. Up to now, emerging experimental research about Rh2 in tumor therapy and immuno-regulation has been published, however, the specific reviews focused on its role in the TME were limited. Hence, in this article, we briefly summarized existing evidence supporting the anticancer effects and potential mechanisms of Rh2 according to the tumor type, including anti-proliferation, anti-invasion, and metastasis, induction of cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenesis, promotion of reactive oxygen species and differentiation. Meanwhile, we shed light on the role of Rh2 in TME, with an emphasis on regulating tumor immunogenicity, immune cells, cytokines, and physicochemical properties of TME. Finally, the current research limitation and prospects of Rh2 were discussed.
Subject(s)
Ginsenosides , Neoplasms , Panax , Ginsenosides/pharmacology , Ginsenosides/therapeutic use , Ginsenosides/chemistry , Tumor Microenvironment , Panax/chemistry , Neoplasms/drug therapy , ImmunomodulationABSTRACT
Lung cancer is one of the most malignant tumors in the world. In China, the mortality rate of lung cancer has been in the first place for many years. Early screening and early diagnosis of lung cancer is the premise of prolonging the survival time of patients with lung cancer. In recent years, liquid biopsy technology, which is considered to have a bright future, has attracted more and more attention, and its value in the early diagnosis of lung cancer is worth discussing. This paper reviews the application of biomarkers in early screening and early diagnosis of lung cancer, looks for specific biomarkers from multi-omics, and discusses their significance in early diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Objective:To study the effect of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection on the standardized dose of postoperative thyrotropin suppression of differentiated thyroid carcinoma.Methods:A total of 82 patients diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and receiving total thyroidectomy in Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from Jan. 2019 to Jun. 2020 were enrolled in this study prospectively.19 patients with higher standardized dose of the thyrotropin suppression (>2.5 μg·kg -1·d -1) were selected as the experimental group, and 63 patients with the lower standardized dose of the thyrotropin suppression (≤2.5 μg·kg -1·d -1) were selected as the control group. The presence of HP infection was measured by C13 method, and the HP infection rate was compared between the two groups. The patients with HP infection in the experimental group received standard quadruple therapy to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. The standardized dose before and after treatment were observed and compared. Results:The HP infection rate in the experimental group (73.7%, 14/19) were significantly higher ( P<0.05) than those in the control group (31.7%, 20/63). In the experimental group, 14 patients with HP infection in the experimental group received standard quadruple therapy to eradicate HP. HP was successfully eradicated in 11 patients after the treatment (one patient quit the treatment before completion, the actual eradication rate was 84.6%) ; Eight weeks after the treatment, the dose adjustment of thyrotropin suppression reached steady-state in 13 patients completed the therapy. The average standardized dose was (2.15±0.25) μg·kg -1·d -1, significantly lower than that before treatment [ (2.89±0.21) μg·kg -1·d -1] ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:HP infection may be an important factor affecting the standardized dose of thyrotropin suppression in postoperative patients with thyroid cancer. For those patients with HP infection, eradication treatment of HP can significantly reduce the standardized dose and treatment-related complications.
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The fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is regulated by biological, physical and chemical signals. Developments in biotechnology and materials science promoted the occurrence of bioactive materials which can provide physical and chemical signals for MSCs to regulate their fate. In order to design and synthesize materials that can precisely regulate the fate of MSCs, the relationship between the properties of materials and the fate of mesenchymal stem cells need to be clarified, in which the detection of the fate of mesenchymal stem cells plays an important role. In the past 30 years, a series of detection technologies have been developed to detect the fate of MSCs regulated by bioactive materials, among which high-throughput technology has shown great advantages due to its ability to detect large amounts of data at one time. In this review, the latest research progresses of detecting the fate of MSCs regulated by bone bioactive materials (BBMs) are systematically reviewed from traditional technology to high-throughput technology which is emphasized especially. Moreover, current problems and the future development direction of detection technologies of the MSCs fate regulated by BBMs are prospected. The aim of this review is to provide a detection technical framework for researchers to establish the relationship between the properties of BMMs and the fate of MSCs, so as to help researchers to design and synthesize BBMs better which can precisely regulate the fate of MSCs.
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Objective@#To investigate the oral health service demands and utilization among school-age children in Xiangfang district of Harbin, and to explore the related influencing factors.@*Methods@#A total of 7 944 children aged 6-11 were investigated for oral health status through questionnaire survey in Xiangfang District, Harbin. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, nonparametric test and Logistic regression were used to analyze the oral health service demands and utilization of school-age children.@*Results@#The rate of caries, unfilled caries, malocclusion and traumatic dental injuries were 89.7%, 60.7%, 59.3% and 12.5%, respectively. In the past 12 months, 53.8% of children had toothache. The rate of seeking medical treatment in stomatology department was 31.6%, with the primary reason being treatment (47.6%), while the rate of preventive dental treatment was 15.6%. Multivariate analysis showed that girls, father s education being high school or technical secondary school, father s education higher or equal to junior college, poor oral health evaluation, high score on oral knowledge and oral attitude, brushing teeth once a day, brushing teeth twice a day or more, having attended oral health courses, having toothache experience, having dental trauma experience, suffering from dental caries were more likely to visit the oral clinics (OR=1.11，1.17，1.50，0.80，1.07，1.21，1.60，2.27，1.28，1.49，1.54，1.67, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#In Xiangfang District of Harbin, there is a large demand for oral health services for school-age children, however, both of the utilization rate and the preventive medical treatment rate is low. Many factors affect the utilization of oral health services for children. It is suggested that targeted measures should be taken to improve the utilization level of school-age children s health resources.
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The COVID-19 pandemic is complex and is developing in different ways according to the country involved. To identify the key parameters or processes that have the greatest effects on the pandemic and reveal the different progressions of epidemics in different countries, we quantified enhanced control measures and the dynamics of the production and provision of medical resources. We then nested these within a COVID-19 epidemic transmission model, which is parameterized by multi-source data. We obtained rate functions related to the intensity of mitigation measures, the effective reproduction numbers and the timings and durations of runs on medical resources, given differing control measures implemented in various countries. Increased detection rates may induce runs on medical resources and prolong their durations, depending on resource availability. Nevertheless, improving the detection rate can effectively and rapidly reduce the mortality rate, even after runs on medical resources. Combinations of multiple prevention and control strategies and timely improvement of abilities to supplement medical resources are key to effective control of the COVID-19 epidemic. A 50% reduction in comprehensive control measures would have led to the cumulative numbers of confirmed cases and deaths exceeding 590000 and 60000, respectively, by 27 March 2020 in mainland China. The proposed model can assist health authorities to predict when they will be most in need of hospital beds and equipment such as ventilators, personal protection equipment, drugs and staff. One sentence summaryMultiple data sources and cross validation of a COVID-19 epidemic model, coupled with a medical resource logistic model, reveal that the key factors that affect epidemic progressions and their outbreak patterns in different countries are the type of emergency medical response to avoid runs on medical resources, especially improved detection rates, the ability to promote public health measures, and the synergistic effects of combinations of multiple prevention and control strategies.
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We conducted a comparative study of COVID-19 epidemic in three different settings: mainland China, the Guangdong province of China and South Korea, by formulating two disease transmission dynamics models incorporating epidemic characteristics and setting-specific interventions, and fitting the models to multi-source data to identify initial and effective reproduction numbers and evaluate effectiveness of interventions. We estimated the initial basic reproduction number for South Korea, the Guangdong province and mainland China as 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): (2.5, 2.7)), 3.0 (95%CI: (2.6, 3.3)) and 3.8 (95%CI: (3.5,4.2)), respectively, given a serial interval with mean of 5 days with standard deviation of 3 days. We found that the effective reproduction number for the Guangdong province and mainland China has fallen below the threshold 1 since February 8th and 18th respectively, while the effective reproduction number for South Korea remains high, suggesting that the interventions implemented need to be enhanced in order to halt further infections. We also project the epidemic trend in South Korea under different scenarios where a portion or the entirety of the integrated package of interventions in China is used. We show that a coherent and integrated approach with stringent public health interventions is the key to the success of containing the epidemic in China and specially its provinces outside its epicenter, and we show that this approach can also be effective to mitigate the burden of the COVID-19 epidemic in South Korea. The experience of outbreak control in mainland China should be a guiding reference for the rest of the world including South Korea.
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Objective To explore the effect of nanow-band imaging (NBI) combined with magnifying endoscopy (ME) in early diagnosis of gastric cancer,and to observe whether it is helpful for inexperienced endoscopists to diagnose.Methods From April 2015 to October 2017,a total of 480 lesions were selected as research objects which were detected in the normal white light endoscopy (WLE).Pathological examination was used as the gold standard for diagnosis.3 experienced doctors were selected to read the endoscopy films.40 intern endoscopy doctors were selected to read the endoscopy filins at the same time after simple training.80 WLE images and narrowband imaging technology combined with magnifying endoscopy (ME-NBI) images were randomly selected to hold a film reading meeting.Real-time voting was used to judge the nature of lesions.Results The accuracy,sensitivity,specificity false positive rate and false negative rate of ME-NBI were 97.9％ (470/480),96.8％ (120/124),98.3％ (350/356),1.7％ (6/356),3.2％(4/124).And WLE values were 91.7％ (440/480),80.6％ (100/124),89.9％ (320/356),10.1％ (36/356),19.4％ (24/124),respectively.The diagnostic accuracy,sensitivity and specificity of ME-NBI were significantly higher than those of WLE (x2 =18.989,16.104,15.859,P≤0.05),and the false positive rate and false negative rate were significantly lower than those of WLE (x2 =22.772,16.104,P ≤ 0.05).The diagnostic results of ME-NBI of 40 endoscopy interns were significantly better than those of WLE (t =11.467,16.188,P ≤0.05).The diagnostic results of NBI by 40 interns were significantly better than that of WLE (t =11.467,16.188,P ≤ 0.05).Conclusions The accuracy of ME-NBI in screening early gastric cancer is satisfactory,and it has certain diagnostic value for inexperienced doctors.
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Objective:To observe the feature of Lorenz plots of dual parasystole ,and explore its differential diagnosis significance .Methods :Lorenz plot data of seven patients diagnosed as dual parasystole was retrospectively analyzed . They were compared with those of single source premature beat ,dual premature beat and single source parasystole . Results :All case data were divided into six groups (seven cases in each group) ,its features were :group 1 [ (single source atrial premature beat (APB)] ,plots were characterized with three distribution and sinus rhythm located on 45° line ;group 2 (dual source APB) were five distribution with the same sinus rhythm location ,the points set before and after premature were located on its two sides ,the plot was symmetry ,slopes of line B were within 0~1 in group 1 and 2 and its slopes were no significant difference (P>0.05);group 3 was single source ventricular premature beat (VPB) ,show four distribution pattern ,sinus rhythm was located on 45° line ,the points set before and after prema-ture were almost parallel to X and Y axis ;group 4 ( dual source VPB) were in six distribution with the same sinus rhythm location ,its difference with single source VPB was the points set before and after premature were symme-try;slopes of line B all trends to 0 in group 3 and 4 ,their slope also no significant difference (P>0.05);Group 5 (single source parasystole ) was characterized as four distribution vertical to 45° line ,premature point set was vertical to 45° line ,point set before and after premature were vertical to axis X and Y respectively ;group 6 (dual parasysto-le) were seven distribution vertical to 45° line ,were similar to that of single source parasystole ,the difference was figure of group 6 was dual distribution ;slopes of line B were close to ∞ in group 5 and 6 ,and its difference were no significant (P>0.05) .The line B slopes in group 5 and 6 were significantly higher than those of group 1&2 [ (∞ ) vs .(4.78 ± 0.19)] ,and those of group 1&2 were significantly higher than those of group 3&4 (0.36 ± 0.06) ,P<0.01 all .Conclusion:There are significant difference in Lorenz plot features among single (dual) source atrial/ven-tricular premature beats ,single source parasystole and dual parasystole .Lorenz plot is helpful to differential diagno-sis of parasystole .
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Objective:To analyze the occurrence and therapeutic results of dialysis-related acute arrhythmias in pa-tients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD).Methods:A total of 83 cases undergoing maintenance HD from Jun 2012 to Jun 2013 Were selected.Type,frequency and duration of dialysis-related acute arrhythmias Were recor-ded;risk factor and therapeutic results of dialysis-related acute arrhythmias Were analyzed.Results:The 83 HD pa-tients received a total of 8964 hemodialysis and 1046 acute arrhythmias occurred (11.67%)during hemodialysis,in-cluding 306 cases (29.3%)of premature ventricular beats,228 cases (21.8%)of sinus tachycardia,179 cases (17.1%)of premature atrial beats,138 cases (13.2%)of atrial fibrillation,81 cases (7.7%)of paroxysmal su-praventricular tachycardia,75 cases (7.2%)of ventricular tachycardia and 39 cases (3.7%)of sinus bradycardia. The rate of arrhythmia Was most during 1~2h after hemodialysis and sustaining to 4h.Logistic regression analysis indicated that risk factors of dialysis-related acute arrhythmias Were potassium disorder,heart disease (OR 4.46~18.96,P<0.05 all).After taking comprehensive treatment measures,the success rate terminating arrhythmia Was 95.3%.Conclusion:Dialysis-related acute arrhythmia is a frequent complication during hemodialysis,ventricular tachycardia rate may reach 7.2%,rate of acute arrhythmia reaches peak during 1~2h after hemodialysis,its risk factors are potassium disorder and heart disease, adequate treatment can effectively prevent and cure arrhythmia.
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Objective Prepare biomimetic muitilayered scaffold which has similar structure of natural cartilage.Method By lyophilizing the scaffolds which were prefrozen at-20℃ and in liquid nitrogen successively,we prepared double-layered spongy scaffolds.By partially thawing the prefrozen samples and refreezing them in liquid nitrogen before the final liyophilization,we prepared biomimetic multilayered scaffolds with about 2mm thickness.XRD and FT-IR were used to confirm the interaction between collagen and chitosan.SEM was used to observe the morphologies of the scaffolds.The mechanical properties of pure chitosan scaffolds,pure collagen scaffolds,composite single-layered scaffolds and biomimetic multilayered scaffolds were compared both in dry and wet conditions.Results There was chemical interaction between collagen and chitosan.Composite materials will form better pore structure.The biomimetic multilayered scaffolds have upright pores,round pores and a dense layer from bottom to top of the scaffolds.The scaffolds have quite different mechanical properties between dry and wet state.Under wet state,the different layers of the biomimetic muitilayered scaffold have different mechanical properties.Results The biomimetic structure of the multilayered scaffold is very close to that of the natural articular cartilage,and the different layers of the biomimetic muitilayered scaffold had different mechanical properties under wet state.These are hopefully beneficial to help maintain the phenotypes of chondrocytes and promote the repairing effect of cartilage defects.
