ABSTRACT
Aroma is an important attribute of infant formula (IF). In this study, 218 volatiles and 62 odor-active compounds were detected from IF by dynamic headspace sampling combined with comprehensive 2-dimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry. Aldehydes and ketones were determined as the most abundant odor-active compounds. Among them, the contents of pentanal and hexanal were the most abundant, while 1-octen-3-one had the highest flavor dilution factor and odor activity value in most of the IF. Sensory evaluation and electronic nose analysis showed that the skimming process, the fatty acid composition, and powdered or liquid milk base used for the production of IF may be important factors resulting in their differences in aroma profiles and compounds. These differences were assumed to be mainly ascribed to the Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation, which were largely influenced by the temperature and water activity.
Subject(s)
Odorants , Volatile Organic Compounds , Animals , Odorants/analysis , Infant Formula/analysis , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis , Olfactometry/methods , Olfactometry/veterinary , Milk/chemistryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease of joints in adults around the world. Current available drugs to treat osteoarthritis are predominantly directed towards the symptomatic relief of pain and inflammation but they do little to reduce joint destruction. Effective prevention of the structural damage must be a key objective of new therapeutic approaches. Therefore, it is worthwhile to search for important molecular markers that hold great promise for further treatment of patients with osteoarthritis. AIM: In this study, we used a graph-clustering approach to identify gene expression profiles that distinguish OA patients from normal samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a comprehensive gene level assessment of osteoarthritis using five osteoarthritis samples and five normal samples graph-clustering approach. RESULTS: The results showed that TNFAIP3, ATF3, PPARG, etc, have related with osteoarthritis. Besides, we further mined the underlying molecular mechanism within these differently genes. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated tyrosine metabolism pathway and cell cycle pathway were two significant pathways, and there was evident to demonstrate them based on previous reports. We hope to provide insights into the development of novel therapeutic targets and pathways.
Subject(s)
Activating Transcription Factor 3/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Osteoarthritis/genetics , PPAR gamma/genetics , Cell Cycle , Cluster Analysis , Gene Expression Profiling , Humans , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3 , Tyrosine/metabolismABSTRACT
Three sets of primers to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) using multiplex RT-PCR were designed based on several reference nucleotide sequences, and their reaction conditions were determined. By testing ten-fold serial dilutions of FMDV, the sensitivity of multiplex RT-PCR is 100 times higher than conventional RT-PCR. Meanwhile, its specificity was confirmed compared with other related vesicular disease viruses. Furthermore, 30 field samples from different animals were tested, and the results supported the method's potential applications in routine veterinary quarantine and epidemic surveillance of FMDV.
Subject(s)
Food Microbiology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/isolation & purification , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/diagnosis , RNA, Viral/analysis , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Animals , Cattle , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
The complete genome of O/Akesu/58 strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that it is not closely related to epidemic strains or previous strains compared with reference sequences (the identities of complete VP1 nucleotide sequences range from 77.5 to 84.0%). Its cell-receptor-binding site is a SGD (Ser-Gly-Asp) motif instead of RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp), and 43 bases were deleted in PKs region of the 5'UTR, although deletions were not found in other gene regions.
Subject(s)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/classification , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics , Genome, Viral , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Animals , Base Sequence , Capsid Proteins/chemistry , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Cattle , China , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Sequence Alignment , Species Specificity , Tibet , Viral Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
It was demonstrated that a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with a non-gel sieving solution has been developed to identify the orientation of DNA fragments in recombinant plasmids in molecular biology. The influences of the concentration of sieving polymer HEC, the applied electric field strength and sampling on CE separation were analyzed concerning the optimization of separation. YO-PRO-1 was used as a DNA intercalating reagent to facilitate fluorescence detection. Under the chosen conditions (buffer, 1 x TBE containing 1 microM YO-PRO-1 and 1.2% HEC; applied electric field strength, 200 V/cm; electrokinetic sampling: time, 5 s; voltage, -6 kV), three DNA markers (phi 174/HaeIII, pBR322/HaeIII and lambda DNA/HindIII) were tested for further evaluating the relationship between the DNA size and the mobility. The established CE method conjugated with the enzymatic approach was successfully applied to identifying the DNA orientation of recombinant plasmid in transgene operations of a newly cloned gene from Arabidopsis Thaliana.
