AKG induces cell apoptosis by inducing reactive oxygen species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and by suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy in renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) or 2-oxoglutarate is a key substance in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and has been known to play an important role in cancerogenesis and tumor progression. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, and it has a high mortality rate. Autophagy is a phenomenon of self-digestion, and its significance in tumor genesis and progression remains debatable. However, the mechanisms underlying how AKG regulates autophagy in RCC remain unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of AKG and its molecular mechanisms. METHODS: RCC cell lines 786O and ACHN were treated with varying doses of AKG for 24 h. CCK-8, Transwell, and scratch wound healing assays were utilized to evaluate the role of AKG in RCC cells. Autophagy protein and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway protein levels were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: AKG inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells 786O and ACHN in a dose-dependent manner according to the CCK-8 assay. In addition, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis revealed that AKG dose-dependently triggered apoptosis and autophagy in RCC cells. By promoting cell apoptosis and autophagy, AKG dramatically suppressed tumor growth. Mechanistically, AKG induces autophagy by promoting ROS generation and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-tumor effect of AKG promotes autophagy in renal cancer cells via mediating ROS-PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and may be used as a potential anticancer drug for kidney cancer.

Pyrocatechol Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting ROS Production.

As one of the most common cancer chemotherapy drugs, cisplatin is widely used in cancer management. However, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity occurs in patients who receive this drug. This study is aimed at developing therapeutic agents that effectively alleviate the nephrotoxic effects during cisplatin treatment. We identified a compound named pyrocatechol (PCL) from a natural product library that significantly alleviated cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Pyrocatechol treatment substantially ameliorated cisplatin (20 mg · kg-1) treatment-induced neuropathological indexes, including inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptosis, in vivo. Mechanistically, pyrocatechol significantly prevented oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by activating glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in cisplatin-treated cells. In addition, pyrocatechol significantly inhibited ROS-induced JNK/P38 activation. Thus, we found that pyrocatechol prevents ROS-mediated JNK/P38 MAPK activation, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity through GPX4. Our study demonstrated that pyrocatechol is a novel therapeutic agent against cisplatin-induced kidney injury.

PIWI-Interacting RNA Pathway Genes: Potential Biomarkers for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies in the urinary system, yet effective diagnostic and prognostic markers are lacking. Recently, several of piRNA pathway genes have been reported to be associated with cancer diagnosis and prognosis, but their role in ccRCC is still unclear. Methods: We analysed the expression of 27 piRNA pathway genes in 539 kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and 72 nontumor tissue samples (data from TCGA), and 12 mRNAs were significantly different. The aim was to sift the piRNA pathway genes that are correlated with ccRCC patient survival and to construct a piRNA pathway gene risk prognostic model using Kaplan-Meier survival curve and ROC curve, respectively. Results: 5 piRNA pathway genes (TDRD7, GPAT2, PLD6, SUV39H1, and DOM3Z) were picked out and used to construct the piRNA pathway gene risk model. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that compared with that of the low-risk group of ccRCC patients, the OS of the high-risk group of ccRCC patients was significantly reduced. The predictive performance of the prognostic risk model was measured using a ROC curve, which individually showed AUC values for 1 year of 0.707, for 3 years of 0.713, and for 5 years of 0.701. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TDRD7 were overexpressed in the ccRCC datasets (data from our cohort, TCGA, GEO, and CPTAC) and ccRCC cell lines, and the expression levels correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics in ccRCC. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) showed that the mRNA expression level of TDRD7 was positively related to tumor immune infiltrating cells (TICs) in ccRCC. Mechanistically, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to uncover the mechanism of TDRD7 in ccRCC. In summary, the piRNA pathway genes,especially TDRD7, may be potential cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of ccRCC.

Downregulation of Circular RNA circPSD3 Promotes Metastasis by Modulating FBXW7 Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of noncoding RNAs, have been shown to play critical regulatory roles in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Metastasis is the main contributor to the poor prognosis of patients with ccRCC. However, the role of circRNAs in ccRCC metastasis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, microarray and RNA-seq analyses revealed that circPSD3 (hsa_circ_0002111) was dramatically downregulated in ccRCC tissues compared to adjacent nontumor tissues. A qRT-PCR analysis performed on our ccRCC cohorts confirmed the downregulation of circPSD3 in ccRCC tissues and further suggested that a low level of circPSD3 expression was associated with tumor metastasis in patients with ccRCC. Based on the results of functional studies, circPSD3 significantly inhibited cell migration, invasion, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and blocked pulmonary metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, circPSD3 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA 25-3p (miR-25-3p) to regulate F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBXW7) expression. Further verification indicated that circPSD3 overexpression restrained an EMT-like phenotype in cells, while miR-25-3p partially rescued these effects. In summary, circPSD3 inhibits tumor metastasis by repressing the miR-25-3p/FBXW7-EMT axis and might be developed as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for ccRCC.

piRNA-31115 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Invasion via PI3K/AKT Pathway in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma.

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in germline development and carcinogenesis. In this study, we used the deep sequencing of small RNA Transcriptome to explore the piRNA expression in six clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues and found that six piRNAs were upregulated and sixteen were downregulated in ccRCC tissues. Among them, piRNA-31115 (NCBI accession number: DQ571003) was the most upregulated piRNA in ccRCC tissues compared with matched adjacent normal tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to confirm piR-31115 expression in other ccRCC tissues (n = 40) and ccRCC cell lines. Besides, function analysis demonstrated that silencing of piR-31115 inhibited ccRCC cell proliferation, motility, and invasiveness. Mechanistic investigations showed that piRNA-31115 may activate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Hence, piR-31115 may represent an oncogene in the development of ccRCC.

Comprehensive profiling of circRNAs and the tumor suppressor function of circHIPK3 in clear cell renal carcinoma.

Increasing evidence has indicated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a key role in the development and progression of diverse cancers, but their role in clear cell renal carcinoma (CCRCC) tumorigenesis is not well understood. In this study, we firstly performed comprehensive circRNA-seq from CCRCC tissues and pair-matched adjacent normal tissues. In total, 1184 circRNAs were dysregulated in human CCRCC tissues compared with those in adjacent normal tissues. We randomly selected four circRNAs, including circHIPK3 (circBase ID: hsa_circ_0000284), to test the circRNA-seq data in another 40 CCRCC tissues by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, we found that circHIPK3 was downregulated in CCRCC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of circHIPK3 effectively suppressed CCRCC cell invasion and migration in vitro, and inhibited CCRCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay showed that circHIPK3 targeted miR-637 in CCRCC cells. Hence, CircHIPK3 may represent a tumor suppressor and target miR-637 in clear cell renal carcinoma.