Rigid-Flexible Combined Impeller Enhancement in Leaching of Phosphate Rock: a Kinetics Study.

Conventional rigid impellers are frequently used in the leaching process of phosphate rock, which often form a symmetrical flow field in the reactor, leading to a reduction in the leaching efficiency. In this work, a rigid-flexible combined impeller was applied to the leaching process of phosphate rock to increase the leaching efficiency. The effects of the reaction temperature (T), sulfuric acid excess coefficient (ε), liquid-solid ratio (L/S), agitation speed (N), and leaching time (t) on the leaching of phosphate rock were investigated, and based on this, the leaching kinetics was studied. The results indicated that under the optimum parameters of a reaction temperature of 353 K, a sulfuric acid excess coefficient of 1.15, a liquid-solid ratio of 4.0 mL/g, an agitation speed of 280 rpm, and a leaching time of 120 min, the leaching rate of phosphate rock using the rigid-flexible combined impeller reached 89.1%, which was 7.1% higher than that of the conventional rigid impeller under the same electric energy consumption. The leaching process complied with the unreacted core shrinking model, and the reaction rate was controlled by product layer diffusion. The apparent rate equation of the leaching process was 1 - 2X/3 - (1 - X)2/3 = 2.06 × 10-3[ε]1.375[L/S]1.273[N]0.748 exp(-19.03 × 103/RT)·t, and the apparent activation energy was 19.03 kJ/mol. The numerical simulation and analysis of the leaching residue showed that the system temperature in the rigid-flexible combined impeller system was homogenized, and the mixing effect of reactants was enhanced through the multiposition movement of the flexible connection piece in the axial direction, so that the reactants participated in the chemical reaction more efficiently.

Impulsiveness and suicide in male offenders: Examining the buffer roles of regulatory emotional self-efficacy and flourishing.

OBJECTIVES: Although impulsiveness has been recognized as a risk factor for suicide, few studies have explored how to protect offenders with impulsiveness from the risk of suicide. This study aims to examine the relationships among impulsiveness, suicide risk, regulatory emotional self-efficacy (RESE), and flourishing, focusing on the moderating effects of RESE and flourishing in the relationship between impulsiveness and suicide risk. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 941 male offenders. All participants were requested to provide some items of demographic information and to complete a package of self-reported questionnaires measuring impulsiveness, suicide risk, RESE, and flourishing. RESULTS: The results indicate that impulsiveness is positively correlated with suicide risk, while RESE and flourishing are negatively correlated with impulsiveness and suicide risk. Most importantly, both RESE and its dimension managing negative affect (NEG) negatively moderate the relationship between impulsiveness and suicide risk. Flourishing and the RESE dimension expressing positive affect (POS) show no significant moderating effect on impulsiveness-suicide risk link. CONCLUSIONS: Regulatory emotional self-efficacy, especially its NEG dimension, can buffer the impact of impulsiveness on suicide risk in male offenders, indicating that these factors might be useful supplements in suicide prevention. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Offender with higher level of RESE and flourishing show lower level of impulsiveness and suicide risk. High level of RESE and its NEG dimension can buffer the effect of impulsiveness on suicide risk. RESE, especially its NEG dimension might be a useful supplement for suicide prevention in offenders with high impulsiveness.

The capacity for psychotherapy process scale: development and psychometric validation of patient self-reports.

Objective: Studies were conducted to develop and validate the Capacity for Psychotherapy Process Scale (CFPPS), a self-rating measure of capacity for the psychotherapy process from a trans-theoretical perspective. Method: In Study 1, a two-round Delphi methodology consulting 27 and 15 experts, respectively, was used to select items and identify content validity. In Study 2, 279 clients were recruited for exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In Study 3, confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency analysis were conducted among 390 outpatients; the discriminant validity and predictive validity were studied in 270 outpatients and 82 psychotherapy outpatients, respectively. Results: The Delphi method resulted in 52 items. Through EFA, the CFPPS was reduced to 20 items, focusing on five factors: motivation, belief, self-revelation, persistence, and insight; the internal consistencies were good (0.92 for total scale and 0.82-0.91 for the factors). The CFPPS was not or was only weakly associated with symptoms. The Bonferroni-corrected partial correlation analyses revealed that the CFPPS was positively related to working alliance and session impact. Conclusions: The CFPPS is a preliminary step toward the self-report assessment of the capacity for psychotherapy process from a trans-theoretical perspective and may potentially be used to predict the working alliance and session impact.

Chloride ion inhibition of electrochemical oscillations on the anode of an electrolytic manganese metal cell.

In industrial electrolytic manganese metal process, the energy consumption closely related to the electrolysis of cathode and anode. The effect of Cl- concentration on electrochemical oscillation at the anode of the electrolytic manganese metal cell was investigated. The results showed that the electrochemical oscillation at the anode was inhibited by Cl-, and the amplitude and frequency of the electrochemical oscillation decreased as the increase of Cl- concentration. When the concentration of Cl- was 2.68 g/L, the cathode and anode electrodes could be effectively activated, and the manganese current efficiency reached its minimum, correspondingly, the power consumption reached its maximum. In addition, the presence of the chloride reduced the production of MnO2 at the anode surface. ClO4- and free ions formed insoluble amorphous structures on the surface of the anode with the increase in reaction time and chloride ion concentration, and the insoluble amorphous structures prevented further generation of MnO2. Thus, electrolytic manganese metal energy consumption decreased.

Magnetic and microwave absorbing properties of low-temperature sintered BaZr x Fe(12-x)O19.

In the present work, to enhance the reflection loss and change the magnetic resonance frequency of barium ferrite sintered at low temperature, different amounts of Zr ion were introduced to BaFe12O19 to substitute the Fe ion. A series of M-type barium hexaferrite samples having the nominal composition BaZr x Fe(12-x)O19 (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2) was successfully synthesized by heat treatment at a relatively low temperature (900 °C) for 2 h. In order to study the phases, morphologies and magnetic properties of the substituted barium ferrites, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) were used. The XRD patterns indicated that all samples were single phase M-type ferrites. The SEM images showed that all samples were hexagonal-shaped particles and the average size was about 500 nm. Simultaneously, a potassium chloride additive can effectively reduce the sintering temperature of barium ferrites and their formation and morphology are apparently not affected. The VSM results demonstrated that the coercivity steeply decreased from 4772.43 Oe to 797.34 Oe when the Zr ion substitution amount increased from 0.0 to 1.2 but the saturation magnetization remained almost constant (M s = 49.71-63.06 emu g-1). Furthermore, the complex electromagnetic parameters were collected by a vector network analyzer (VNA) and the microwave absorbing properties were calculated according to transmission theory. It was found that the reflection loss is enhanced with increasing x. The minimum reflection loss value of -30.2 dB at 16.75 GHz was observed and the bandwidth is about 2.46 GHz for the x = 1.2 sample. BaZr x Fe(12-x)O19 might be a promising candidate for applications of LTCC (low-temperature co-fired ceramic) substrates for millimeter wave circulators and filters.

Reaction pathways and mechanisms of the electrochemical degradation of phenol on different electrodes.

Laboratory experiments were carried out on the kinetics and pathways of the electrochemical (EC) degradation of phenol at three different types of anodes, Ti/SnO2-Sb, Ti/RuO2, and Pt. Although phenol was oxidised by all of the anodes at a current density of 20 mA/cm2 or a cell voltage of 4.6 V, there was a considerable difference between the three anode types in the effectiveness and performance of EC organic degradation. Phenol was readily mineralized at the Ti/SnO2-Sb anode, but its degradation was much slower at the Ti/RuO2 and Pt anodes. The analytical results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) indicated that the intermediate products of EC phenol degradation, including benzoquinone and organic acids, were subsequently oxidised rapidly by the Ti/SnO2-Sb anode, but accumulated in the cells of Ti/RuO2 and Pt. There was also a formation of dark-coloured polymeric compounds and precipitates in the solutions electrolyzed by the Ti/RuO2 and Pt anodes, which was not observed for the Ti/SnO2-Sb cells. It is argued that anodic property not only affects the reaction kinetics of various steps of EC organic oxidation, but also alters the pathway of phenol electrolysis. Favourable surface treatment, such as the SnO2-Sb coating, provides the anode with an apparent catalytic function for rapid organic oxidation that is probably brought about by hydroxyl radicals generated from anodic water electrolysis.