HAP40 modulates mutant Huntingtin aggregation and toxicity in Huntington's disease mice.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic neurodegenerative disease, caused by the CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in exon 1 of the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. The HTT gene encodes a large protein known to interact with many proteins. Huntingtin-associated protein 40 (HAP40) is one that shows high binding affinity with HTT and functions to maintain HTT conformation in vitro. However, the potential role of HAP40 in HD pathogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we found that the expression level of HAP40 is in parallel with HTT but inversely correlates with mutant HTT aggregates in mouse brains. Depletion of endogenous HAP40 in the striatum of HD140Q knock-in (KI) mice leads to enhanced mutant HTT aggregation and neuronal loss. Consistently, overexpression of HAP40 in the striatum of HD140Q KI mice reduced mutant HTT aggregation and ameliorated the behavioral deficits. Mechanistically, HAP40 preferentially binds to mutant HTT and promotes Lysine 48-linked ubiquitination of mutant HTT. Our results revealed that HAP40 is an important regulator of HTT protein homeostasis in vivo and hinted at HAP40 as a therapeutic target in HD treatment.

TRIM37 is a primate-specific E3 ligase for Huntingtin and accounts for the striatal degeneration in Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by preferential neuronal loss in the striatum. The mechanism underlying striatal selective neurodegeneration remains unclear, making it difficult to develop effective treatments for HD. In the brains of nonhuman primates, we examined the expression of Huntingtin (HTT), the gene responsible for HD. We found that HTT protein is highly expressed in striatal neurons due to its slow degradation in the striatum. We also identified tripartite motif-containing 37 (TRIM37) as a primate-specific protein that interacts with HTT and is selectively reduced in the primate striatum. TRIM37 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of mutant HTT (mHTT) in vitro and modulates mHTT aggregation in mouse and monkey brains. Our findings suggest that nonhuman primates are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of human diseases such as HD and support TRIM37 as a potential therapeutic target for treating HD.

Bacterial diversity in a continuum from supraglacial habitats to a proglacial lake on the Tibetan Plateau.

Mountain glaciers are frequently assessed for their hydrological connectivity from glaciers to proglacial lakes. Ecological process on glacier surfaces and downstream ecosystems have often been investigated separately, but few studies have focused on the connectivity between the different glacial habitats. Therefore, it remains a limited understanding of bacterial community assembly across different habitats along the glacier hydrological continuum. In this study, we sampled along a glacial catchment from supraglacial snow, cryoconite holes, supraglacial runoff, ice-marginal moraine and proglacial lake on the Tibetan Plateau. The bacterial communities in these habitats were analyzed using high-throughput DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to determine the bacterial composition and assembly. Our results showed that each habitat hosted unique bacterial communities, with higher bacterial α-diversity in transitional habitats (e.g. runoff and ice-marginal moraine). Null model analysis indicated that deterministic processes predominantly shaped bacterial assembly in snow, cryoconite holes and lake, while stochastic process dominantly governed bacterial community in transitional habitats. Collectively, our findings suggest that local environment play a critical role in filtering bacterial community composition within glacier habitats. This study enhances our understanding of microbial assembly process in glacier environments and provides valuable insights into the factors governing bacterial community compositions across different habitats along the glacial hydrological continuum.

Single-pool model urea clearance index is associated with sarcopenia and nutritional status in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The single-pool model urea clearance index (single-pool Kt/Vurea; spKt/V) is the most commonly used method for dialysis adequacy assessment. However, only a few studies have examined the relationship between spKt/V values and parameters related to sarcopenia and nutritional status. This study aimed to evaluate whether the spKt/V is an indicator of sarcopenia and nutritional status in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). METHODS: A total of 142 patients were included in this single-center, cross-sectional study. Venous blood samples were collected shortly before the hemodialysis session. The adequacy of dialysis in patients receiving MHD was assessed using spKt/V. Sarcopenia was identified according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (2019) definition. Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve were used to evaluate the predictive value of spKt/V in sarcopenia. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between spKt/V and sarcopenia and nutritional status. RESULTS: The mean spKt/V level was 1.3 ± 0.2, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 15.5% in patients on MHD. The best cutoff value of spKt/V in sarcopenia was 1.45 for both sexes, 1.33 and 1.45 for men and women, respectively (P < 0.05). The multivariate binary logistic regression shown that the spKt/V was independently positively associated with sarcopenia (OR = 122.88, 95% CI = 0.64-0.87, P = 0.002). Grouping spKt/V by the best cutoff value, when spKt/V ≥ 1.45, the OR of sarcopenia was 11.75 (95% CI = 3.16-43.67, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that when spKt/V ≥ 1.33 in men and spKt/V ≥ 1.45 in woman, the OR of sarcopenia was 9.73 (95% CI = 2.25-42.11, P = 0.002) and 14.52 (95% CI = 1.06-199.67, P = 0.045), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that spKt/V was an important influencing factor of sarcopenia and malnutrition in Asian patients on MHD.

Associations between insulin-like growth factor-1 standard deviation score and overall nutritional parameters in patients with maintenance hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between insulin-like growth factor-1 and nutritional status indicators in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). METHODS: Patients undergoing MHD for > 3 months were included in this single-center cross-sectional study in March 2021. Clinical, demographic, and body mass data and blood samples were collected before the hemodialysis sessions. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were measured using a radioimmunoassay, and serum IGF-1 standard deviation score (SDS) was calculated for MHD patients according to age and sex. The nutritional status of patients was assessed using serum albumin, serum prealbumin, handgrip strength, pinching strength, upper arm muscle circumference, lean body mass, phase angle, seven-point subjective global assessment (SGA) score, and geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI). The patients were divided into groups according to tertiles of serum IGF-1 SDS levels. Spearman correlation analyses and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between serum IGF-1 SDS and nutritional status parameters. RESULTS: A total of 155 MHD patients (male: female = 90:65) were enrolled in the study, with a median dialysis vintage of 28.0 (11.0, 55.0) months, and an average age of 66 (65.5 ± 13.0) years. The median of IGF-1 SDS was - 0.1 (- 0.6 to 0.6). Compared to patients with higher IGF-1 SDSs, patients with lower IGF-1 SDSs had lower levels of serum ceruloplasmin (341.0 [287.5, 416.0] vs 395.0 [327.0, 451.0] vs 409.0 [349.5, 507.5], p = 0.002), serum albumin (34.7 ± 3.0 vs 37.0 ± 3.1 vs 37.8 ± 2.6, p < 0.001), serum prealbumin (270.3 [233.7, 327.8] vs 326.0 [279.3, 355.6] vs 363.0 [324.2, 398.2], p < 0.001), handgrip strength (13.8 [10.0, 20.7] vs 17.7 [10.7, 22.5] vs 23.3 [16.6, 27.8], p < 0.001), pinch strength (4.6 [3.9, 6.0] vs 4.9 (3.9, 6.9) vs 6.5 [4.7, 8.7], p = 0.002), phase angle (3.3 [3.0, 3.8] vs 3.9 [3.4, 4.7] vs 4.3 [3.6, 5.2, p < 0.001), modified Creatinine Index (83.1 ± 19.7 vs 93.1 ± 23.4 vs 113.9 ± 24.3, p < 0.001), intracellular water (14.5 ± 4.4 vs 16.1 ± 4.9 vs 16.9 ± 4.4, p = 0.031), higher extracellular water (26.9 ± 5.8 vs 25.7 ± 5.5 vs 25.1 ± 3.1, p = 0.042), and higher malnutrition risk as defined by GNRI (49.0% vs 15.7% vs 11.5%, p < 0.001) and SGA (53.9% vs 23.5% vs 7.7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower IGF-1 SDSs are independently associated with higher malnutrition risk in patients with MHD.

Sink or Source: Alternative Roles of Glacier Foreland Meadow Soils in Methane Emission Is Regulated by Glacier Melting on the Tibetan Plateau.

Glacier foreland soils have long been considered as methane (CH4) sinks. However, they are flooded by glacial meltwater annually during the glacier melting season, altering their redox potential. The impacts of this annual flooding on CH4 emission dynamics and methane-cycling microorganisms are not well understood. Herein, we measured in situ methane flux in glacier foreland soils during the pre-melting and melting seasons on the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, high-throughput sequencing and qPCR were used to investigate the diversity, taxonomic composition, and the abundance of methanogenic archaea and methanotrophic bacteria. Our results showed that the methane flux ranged from -10.11 to 4.81 µg·m-2·h-1 in the pre-melting season, and increased to 7.48-22.57 µg·m-2·h-1 in the melting season. This indicates that glacier foreland soils change from a methane sink to a methane source under the impact of glacial meltwater. The extent of methane flux depends on methane production and oxidation conducted by methanogens and methanotrophs. Among all the environmental factors, pH (but not moisture) is dominant for methanogens, while both pH and moisture are not that strong for methanotrophs. The dominant methanotrophs were Methylobacter and Methylocystis, whereas the methanogens were dominated by methylotrophic Methanomassiliicoccales and hydrogenotrophic Methanomicrobiales. Their distributions were also affected by microtopography and environmental factor differences. This study reveals an alternative role of glacier foreland meadow soils as both methane sink and source, which is regulated by the annual glacial melt. This suggests enhanced glacial retreat may positively feedback global warming by increasing methane emission in glacier foreland soils in the context of climate change.

Genomic Insights of Cryobacterium Isolated From Ice Core Reveal Genome Dynamics for Adaptation in Glacier.

Glacier is the dominant cold habitat in terrestrial environments, providing a model ecosystem to explore extremophilic strategies and study early lives on Earth. The dominant form of life in glaciers is bacteria. However, little is known about past evolutionary processes that bacteria underwent during adaptation to the cryosphere and the connection of their genomic traits to environmental stressors. Aiming to test the hypothesis that bacterial genomic content and dynamics are driven by glacial environmental stressors, we compared genomes of 21 psychrophilic Cryobacterium strains, including 14 that we isolated from three Tibetan ice cores, to their mesophilic counterparts from the same family Microbacteriaceae of Actinobacteria. The results show that psychrophilic Cryobacterium underwent more dynamic changes in genome content, and their genomes have a significantly higher number of genes involved in stress response, motility, and chemotaxis than their mesophilic counterparts (P < 0.05). The phylogenetic birth-and-death model imposed on the phylogenomic tree indicates a vast surge in recent common ancestor of psychrophilic Cryobacterium (gained the greatest number of genes by 1,168) after the division of the mesophilic strain Cryobacterium mesophilum. The expansion in genome content brought in key genes primarily of the categories "cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups, pigments," "monosaccharides metabolism," and "membrane transport." The amino acid substitution rates of psychrophilic Cryobacterium strains are two orders of magnitude lower than those in mesophilic strains. However, no significantly higher number of cold shock genes was found in psychrophilic Cryobacterium strains, indicating that multi-copy is not a key factor for cold adaptation in the family Microbacteriaceae, although cold shock genes are indispensable for psychrophiles. Extensive gene acquisition and low amino acid substitution rate might be the strategies of psychrophilic Cryobacterium to resist low temperature, oligotrophy, and high UV radiation on glaciers. The exploration of genome evolution and survival strategies of psychrophilic Cryobacterium deepens our understanding of bacterial cold adaptation.

Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in a Chinese Low- and Middle- Income Sample: The Indirect Effects of Maternal Care and Adolescent Sense of Coherence.

The current study investigated whether socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with adolescent depressive symptoms through maternal parenting and adolescent sense of coherence (SOC). Using a sample of 1220 Chinese adolescents, it was found that SES, maternal care, and adolescent SOC were positively related to each other and negatively related to adolescent depressive symptoms, respectively. Maternal control was positively related to adolescent depressive symptoms and negatively related to their SOC, but not significantly to SES. By analysis of structural equation modeling, we found that SES was associated with adolescent depressive symptoms indirectly through maternal care separately, as well as through maternal care and adolescent SOC sequentially. This study extended our understanding by showing possible indirect pathways by which family contextual factors and individual internal resources for adolescent depressive symptoms may operate separately and sequentially. The overall results highlighted the need to study adolescent depressive symptoms to find external and internal positive factors for maintaining adolescent emotional health, especially in families with relatively lower income.

[Evaluation of the performance of a minimally invasive thoracic drainage tube in a rabbit model of hemothorax].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of a minimally invasive thoracic drainage tube (14 F) made of polyurethane (PU) in a rabbit model of hemothorax in comparison with the conventional 28 F chest tube (CCT). METHODS: Thirty New Zealand rabbits were divided into experimental chest tube (ECT) group (n=9), CCT group (n=6), and blood provider group (n=15). Blood samples (20 mL) collected from the blood providing rabbits were injected into the chest cavity of the rabbits in the other two groups, and the time taken for closed drainage of the thoracic cavity was recorded. The rabbits in ECT and CCT groups were subjected to blood injections (20 mL for each injection) into the chest cavity every 20 min for 5 times, and the volumes of blood drained by ECT and CCT were measured. Two hours later, the rabbits were sacrificed and the residual blood and blood clots in the chest cavities were observed. RESULTS: Compared with CCT, the use of ECT significantly shortened the operation time (P<0.05) and produced more effective blood drainage at 20 min and 40 min after the placement of the drainage tube (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the total blood volume drained between ECT and CCT groups, but the volume of residual blood in the thoracic cavity was significantly smaller in ECT group than in CCT group. No post-operative complications were found in the rabbits in ECT group while all the rabbits in CCT group had abutment pressure to the lung. CONCLUSION: Compared to CCT, ECT is less invasive and allows more effective thoracic drainage with more convenient operation and reduced postoperative complications, suggesting its potential for use in closed thoracic drainage in single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or in pediatric patients.

Erythrobacter arachoides sp. nov., isolated from ice core.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designed RC4-10-4T, belonging to the genus Erythrobacter, was isolated from the East Rongbuk Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau. Strain RC4-10-4T grew optimally at pH 7.0, at 25 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0 were the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid and phosphatidylcholine. Carotenoid was detected in the cells. The DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 66.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RC4-10-4T formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the cluster comprising Erythrobacter strains. Similarities between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain RC4-10-4T and the closely related strains Erythrobacter luteus KCTC 42179T, Erythrobacter gangjinensis KCTC 22330T, Erythrobacter odishensis KCTC 23981T and Erythrobacter atlanticuls KCTC 42697T were 98.0, 97.6, 97.5 and 97.2 %. The DNA-DNA hybridization values were 37.6, 15.4, 29.8 and 35.8 %, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain RC4-10-4T represents a novel species of the genus Erythrobacter, for which the name Erythrobacter arachoides sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain RC4-10-4T (=CGMCC 1.15507T=JCM 31277T).

Bacterial community composition and diversity in Kalakuli, an alpine glacial-fed lake in Muztagh Ata of the westernmost Tibetan Plateau.

It is widely accepted that bacterial community composition and diversity in remote alpine lakes are structured by environmental conditions such as nutrient status and temperature. However, the mechanisms that underlie and structure bacterial community composition and diversity in alpine lakes remain unclear. We used 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina MiSeq sequencing to investigate the complex ecological interactions between bacterial communities and nutrient status in Kalakuli Lake, an alpine glacial-fed lake in Muztagh Ata of the westernmost Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicated that the bacterial community was dominated by the Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The results of threshold estimates showed that there were apparent shifts in dominance from the Proteobacteria to Actinobacteria groups associated with increasing carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and the change points were 6.794 and 2.448, respectively. Using multiple statistical methods, we found that the abiotic factors of dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen had substantial impacts on bacterial diversity, while bacterial community compositions were significantly correlated with both the biotic element of bacterial abundance and the abiotic ones, temperature and pH. These findings demonstrated that the C:N ratio played a significant role in shifting dominant bacterial assemblages in the Kalakuli watershed and provided evidence of nutrients affecting bacterial community composition and diversity. We argue that this study could further shed light on how climate change-induced glacial retreat may impact bacterial communities in glacial-fed lakes under future global warming scenarios.

Description of Conyzicola nivalis sp. nov., isolated from glacial snow, and emended description of the genus Conyzicola and Conyzicola lurida.

A cold-tolerant, translucent, yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria was isolated from snow of the Zadang Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, PR China. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that the isolate was closely related to Conyzicola lurida KCTC 29231T and Leifsonia psychrotolerans DSM 22824T at a level of 97.72 and 97.49 %, respectively. Other close relatives had a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of less than 97 %. The major cell-wall amino acid was 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The cell-wall sugars were rhamnose, ribose, glucose, galactose and mannose. The major menaquinones were MK-9, MK-10 and MK-11. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, strain ZD5-4T shared 43.6 and 34.2 % relatedness with C. lurida KCTC 29231T and L. psychrotolerans DSM 22824T, respectively. Based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain ZD5-4T was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Conyzicola, for which the name Conyzicola nivalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZD5-4T (=JCM 30076T=CGMCC 1.12813T). Emended descriptions of the genus Conyzicola and Conyzicola lurida are also provided.

Aureimonas glaciei sp. nov., isolated from an ice core.

A bacterial strain, B5-2T, was isolated from an ice core drilled from Muztagh Glacier, China. Strain B5-2T was a Gram-stain-negative, short rod-shaped, motile by polar flagella, aerobic bacterium. The major fatty acids of strain B5-2T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and iso-C13 : 0. The G+C content of the DNA from strain B5-2T was 69.3 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone of strain B5-2T was Q-10. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified phospholipid and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the novel strain B5-2T shared highest similarity (96.7 %) with Aureimonas altamirensis S21BT. On the basis of the results of this polyphasic study, strain B5-2T represents a novel species of the genus Aureimonas, for which the name Aureimonas glaciei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B5-2T (=CGMCC 1.15493T=KCTC 52395T).

Polymorphobacter glacialis sp. nov., isolated from ice core.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, B555-2T, was isolated from an ice core drilled from Muztagh Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, China. According to phylogenetic analysis with 16S rRNA gene sequences, the novel strain was most closely related to Polymorphobacter fuscus D40PT and Polymorphobacter multimanifer 262-7T with 98.4 and 96.9 % similarity, respectively. It grew optimally at pH 7 and 15 °C with 0.6 % NaCl (m/v). Carotenoid was detected from the cells. Major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, phophatidylmonomethy lethanolamine, phophatidylcholine. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) (42.8 %), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) (28.8 %), C14 : 0 2-OH (10.1 %) and C16 : 0 (8.2 %). The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content was 62.1 mol%. In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, strain B555-2T shared 21.9 and 18.6 % DNA-DNA relatedness with P. fuscus D40PT and P.multimanifer 262-7T, respectively. Accordingly, strain B555-2T represents a novel species in the genus Polymorphobacter, for which the name Polymorphobacter glacialis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B555-2T (=CGMCC 1.15519T=KCTC 52396T).

Massilia psychrophila sp. nov., isolated from an ice core.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile bacterium, strain B1555-1T, was isolated from an ice core drilled from Ulugh Muztagh Glacier, China. The optimum growth temperature of strain B1555-1T was 15 °C and optimum pH was 7. The major fatty acids of strain B1555-1T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain B1555-1T was 66.0 mol%. In 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain B1555-1T was affiliated to the genus Massilia and shared 98.30 and 97.13 % similarity with Massilia eurypsychrophila B528-3T and Massilia niabensis 5420S-26T, respectively. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that strain B1555-1T showed 49.8 % relatedness with M. eurypsychrophila B528-3T and 38.5 % with M. niabensis 5420S-26T. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic evidence presented in this study, strain B1555-1T represents a novel species of the genus Massilia, for which the name Massilia psychrophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B1555-1T (=CGMCC 1.15196T=JCM 30813T).

Polaromonas eurypsychrophila sp. nov., isolated from an ice core.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, beige bacterium, strain B717-2T, was isolated from an ice core drilled from Muztagh Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, China. According to phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the novel strain was related most closely to Polaromonas vacuolataand shared 97.7 % similarity with the type strain of this species. It grew optimally at pH 7, at 15 °C and with 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The sole respiratory quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content was 63.4 mol %. In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, strain B717-2T shared 37.0±1.9, 30.0±1.7, 26.0±0.9, 23.4±0.5 and 18.4±1.9 % DNA-DNA relatedness with Polaromonas jejuensisJS12-13T, P. vacuolata 34-PT, Polaromonas aquatica CCUG 39402T, Polaromonas glacialisCr4-12T and Polaromonas cryoconitiCr4-35T, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic characteristics, strain B717-2T represents a novel species of the genus Polaromonas, for which the name Polaromonaseurypsychrophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B717-2T (=CGMCC 1.15322T=JCM 31171T).

Solid-solid grinding/templating route to magnetically separable nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon for the removal of Cu(2+) ions.

N-doped ordered mesoporous carbon materials (NOMC) with 2D hexagonal symmetry structure were synthesized via a facile solid-solid grinding/templating route, in which the ionic liquids (ILs) of 1-cyanoethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and SBA-15 were employed as the precursor and hard template, respectively. The as-synthesized NOMC features with a uniform mesoporous size (3.5nm), ropes-like morphology (0.4-1µm in length) and high surface area (803m(2)/g). The quantitative analysis revealed the nitrogen content on the surface of NOMC is 5.5at%. Magnetic iron nanoparticles were successfully embedded into the carbon matrix by introducing iron chloride to the mixture of SBA-15 and ILs during the synthesis process. The NOMC-Fe composite possessed superior adsorption capacity of Cu(2+) ions (23.6mg/g). Kinetic and isothermal analysis demonstrated the strong interactions between Cu(2+) ion and the adsorbent. Furthermore, the composite was magnetically separable from solution under an external magnetic field and thus displayed a superior reusability in the recycling test.