ABSTRACT
Environmental factors, genetic factors, and epigenetics are involved in animal growth and development. Among them, methylation is one of the abundant modifications of epigenetics. N6-methyladenosine(m6A) is extensive in cellular RNA, of which mRNA is the most common internal modification. m6A modification regulates life activities dynamically and reversibly, including expressed genes, RNA metabolism, and protein translation. The m6A modifications are closely related to human diseases involving heart failure, tumors, and cancer. It is relatively in-depth in the medical field. However, there are few studies on its biochemical function in animals. We summarized the latest paper related to the chemical structure and role of the writers, the erasers, and the readers to study exerting dynamic regulation of m6A modification of animal growth and development. Furthermore, the key roles of m6A modification were reported in the process of RNA metabolism. Finally, the dynamic regulation of m6A modification in animal growth and development was reviewed, including brain development, fertility, fat deposition, and muscle production. It reveals the key roles of m6A modification and the regulation of gene expression, aiming to provide new ideas for m6A methylation in animal growth and development.
Subject(s)
Adenosine , Neoplasms , Adenosine/genetics , Adenosine/metabolism , Animals , Growth and Development/genetics , Humans , Methylation , Neoplasms/genetics , RNA/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/geneticsABSTRACT
Hemostatic materials are essential for the treatment of trauma patients with massive blood loss in battlefields and disaster environments. According to the site and severity of trauma, different types of hemostatic materials need to be used to stop bleeding urgently. At present, first-aid hemostatic materials for bleeding on body surface wounds, extremities and junctions have been well applied. However, in the case of deep bleeding wounds in the thoracic and abdominal cavity and internal organs and even non-compressible hemostasis, there are still no ideal hemostatic materials in early emergency treatment. In this review, the authors elaborate the classification and mechanism of hemostatic materials and their application in trauma first aid, so as to provide references for the use of hemostatic materials in first aid.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the needs of performing a standardized communication skill training program for residents according to the differences in history taking mode of residents with different degrees and before and after the standardized training in Shanghai Changhai Hospital in 2010.Methods History taking modes of 81 residents in 2010 before and after the standardized training in Shanghai Changhai hospital were categorized.History taking modes were classified into:no effectiveness mode,traditional mode,disease-sickness mode and Calgary-Cambridge Guide mode.Distribution differences of history taking mode of residents with different medical degrees were analyzed by Fisher exact probability method (α =0.05).Distribution differences of history taking mode of residents before and after standardized training were analyzed by Pearson x2 test (α =0.05).Results 19.8％ residents took no effectiveness mode,53.0％ took traditional mode and 27.2％ used disease-sickness mode.There were significant differences in history taking modes among residents with different medical degrees (P =0.008).After training,history taking modes of residents were significantly changed (P=0.001),only 1.2％ residents used no effectiveness mode,59.3％ used traditional mode and 34.6％ used disease-sickness mode.But residents using the Calgary-Cambridge mode were not increased.Conclusions There are significant differences in history taking modes among residents with different medical degrees.History taking mode of residents changed after standardized training.But some of the residents still use non-optimal history taking modes; therefore a standardized communication skill training program might be needed in the future.
