ABSTRACT
This study was conducted between November to December 2020, consisting of six representative cities, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen (with comprehensive smoke-free legislation), and Changsha, Chongqing, Shenyang (without comprehensive smoke-free legislation), 678 subjects were enrolled eventually, the mean age of the 678 subjects was (35.61±12.91)years old. Subjects from cities with comprehensive smoke-free legislation accounted for 49.71% of the total; male subjects accounted for 19.47%; meanwhile subjects from large, medium, and small restaurants accounted for 13.57% (92), 37.32% (253) and 49.11% (333) respectively. The analysis results indicate that the positive rate of restaurants staff of cotinine and 3'-hydroxynicotinine was lower in cities with comprehensive smoke-free legislation(34.12% vs 68.04%, χ²=78.01, P<0.001; 16.32% vs 41.94%, χ²=53.79, P<0.001), with staff from cities with comprehensive smoke-free legislation have lower concentrations of cotinine and 3'-hydroxynicotinine than their counterparts from cities without comprehensive smoke-free legislation(0.250 ng/ml vs 0.742 ng/ml, P<0.001; 0.250 ng/ml vs 0.250 ng/ml, P<0.001). No statistically significant difference in the concentration of cotinine and 3'-hydroxynicotinine in saliva between staff from restaurants of different sizes was detected (P>0.05).
Subject(s)
Cotinine , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Adult , China , Cities , Cotinine/analysis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Restaurants , Saliva/chemistry , Young AdultABSTRACT
The evolution of topological magnetic domains microscopically correlates the dynamic behavior of memory units in spintronic application. Nanometric bubbles with variation of spin configurations have been directly observed in a centrosymmetric hexagonal magnet (Mn0.5Ni0.5)65(Ga1-yYy)35 (y = 0.01) using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. Magnetic bubbles instead of biskyrmions are generated due to the enhancement of quality factor Q caused by the substitution of rare-earth element Y. Furthermore, the bubble density and diversified spin configurations are systematically manipulated via combining the electric current with perpendicular magnetic fields. The magnetic bubble lattice at zero field is achieved after the optimized manipulation.
ABSTRACT
The reclamation of resources from wastes, through such activities as recycling various kinds of wastes and finding more ways to use them, is an important part of changing to a sustainable society. It is also important to ensure the safety of products by, for example, removing hazardous substances from recycled items. Wood is a type of demolition waste. The reuse and recycling of wood from demolition have not progressed much. To increase the number of ways of using wood wastes we have examined methods of making carbonized materials from them and using these carbonized materials to control indoor air pollution (Shibano et al., 2002). Research currently underway on ensuring the safety of recycled items includes investigating the behavior and other characteristics of hazardous substances that are, or may very well be, found in recycled items. It is known that the smoke arising from the process of carbonizing wood wastes is mutagenic. However, such mutagenic components become smoke and separate from carbonized materials, and, especially at temperatures of 800 degrees C and higher, they hardly remain in carbonized materials at all (Nakajima et al., 2003, 2004). In the carbonization of wood wastes containing hazardous metals such as CCA (Cr, Cu, As)-treated wood, substances that readily vaporize separate from the carbonized materials. One cannot expect, however, the same removal effect on metals that vaporize with difficulty, such as Cu, making it likely that they remain in the carbonized material (Takahashi et al., 2004). To examine methods of removing hazardous metals which may well remain in carbonized wood wastes, we investigated the removal and recovery of copper from charcoal with a high copper content by applying electricity (direct current) to it.
