[Effects of Land Use Structure and Spatial Pattern at Different Temporal and Spatial Scales on Water Quality in Suzhou Creek].

Relationships between land use and water quality of rivers and lakes vary spatially and temporally. These variations were analyzed using spatial analysis and mathematical statistical methods for the Suzhou Creek in Shanghai. Based on the data of water quality and land use in 2001， 2005， 2010， 2015， and 2020， five spatial scales （200， 500， 1 000， 2 000， and 5 000 m reach buffer） of the landscape pattern were extracted using correlation and redundancy analysis to explore the impact of land use composition and spatial pattern on water quality at different spatial and temporal scales. The results showed that： ① the water quality of Suzhou Creek has gradually improved in the past 20 years； other indicators were between Class II to Class IV in 2020 except TN， and TN was the main pollutant. ② The main land use type of the buffer zone was construction land， and the proportion of greenland and woodland showed a small growth trend. ③ The water quality was closely related to landscape pattern， showing temporal and spatial scale effects. On the time scale， indicators such as construction land， agricultural land， landscape dominance， aggregation， and diversity had significant correlations with various water quality parameters， and there was an inverse correlation in 2010 compared with that in other years for NH4+-N， TP， and TN. The landscape pattern in 2001 had the greatest explanation for water quality， with an explanation rate of 93.65%. The impact of greenland and woodland on water quality has begun to emerge in the past 10 years. ④ On the spatial scale， there were significant correlations between greenland and woodland， patch number， landscape shape index， diversity index， and water quality. There was a strong positive regulatory effect of greenland and woodland on NH4+-N， TP， and TN at the scale of 2 000 m. The patch number and landscape shape index had relatively strong regulatory effects on water quality on a larger spatial scale， whereas the Shannon diversity index had a better positive regulatory effect on water quality on a small scale. The landscape pattern within a buffer of 2 000 m had the highest interpretation degree for all factors， with an explanation rate of 68.47%. The study showed that rationally planning the proportion of greenland and woodland within the 2 000 m buffer zone and optimizing its landscape configuration is an important measure to purify the surface water quality of Suzhou Creek.

[Correlation Between the Diversity Characteristics of Groundwater Bacterial Community and Environmental Factors in Typical Industrial Areas].

In order to investigate the composition and diversity of groundwater bacterial communities in typical industrial areas in Shanghai, the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput technology was adopted to explore the correlation and response mechanism of groundwater bacterial communities and environmental factors in typical industries, combined with the analysis of groundwater tri-nitrogen, heavy metals, organic matter, and other indicators. The results showed that the ammonia nitrogen in the groundwater of the petrochemical industry was 64.49%, 32.46%, and 113.91% higher than that of the textile industry, metal products industry, and other industries (P<0.05), respectively. The main detectable indicators of organic matter were total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and volatile phenol. The mass concentration of volatile phenol in groundwater of the petrochemical industry was significantly higher than that of the textile industry, metal products industry, and other industries (P<0.05). The mass concentration of arsenic in the metal products industry was 49.26% and 50.59% higher than that in the petrochemical industry and other industries (P<0.05), respectively. Chloride, manganese, sulfate, etc., were significantly different in different industries (P<0.05). The Shannon index of groundwater in the textile industry was the highest at 3.14, whereas the Shannon index and Ace index of the groundwater in the metal products industry were as low as at 2.42 and 960.46, respectively. The dominant bacterial phylum in groundwater in the industrial area was Proteobacteria, accounting for 80.05%-86.18%. Arsenic, mercury, TPH, etc. were the main influencing factors in groundwater in industrial areas, whereas the nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and organic matter-degrading bacteria were mostly related to groundwater environmental factors. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for groundwater pollution risk management and microbial remediation in petrochemical and metal product industrial areas.

[Comparison and Source Apportionment of PAHs Pollution of Runoff from Roads in Suburb and Urban Areas of Shanghai].

Rapid urbanization has driven surface runoff pollution in urban areas to a serious state. In particular, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from road surface runoff has attracted wide attention. Two traffic roads in Shanghai (Caobao Road in an urban central area, and Jiajin Expressway in the suburbs) were identified as research objects. Runoff samples from these two traffic roads were collected for 7 rainfall events between 2007 and 2018. Then, the concentration characteristics and composition ratio of PAHs were analyzed. The differences in pollution sources of runoff PAHs from two types of traffic roads were identified based on characteristic ratio method and positive matrix factorization(PMF). The results showed that the geometric mean value (5539.2 ng·L-1) of 16 PAHs of runoff from Jiajin Expressway in the suburbs was 10 times greater than that from Caobao Road (548.1 ng·L-1), which was related to a higher truck traffic and a lower cleaning frequency on Jiajin Expressway. The benzo(a)pyrene(BaP)concentration on both roads exceeded the national emission standard, and the amount in the Jiajin Expressway was up to 21 times higher than the standard. There was no significant difference in the composition of PAHs of runoff between Caobao Road and Jiading Expressway, and 4-6 ring were dominant and responsible for 80% of total PAHs loads in both sites. Based on the analysis of the characteristic ratio method, the PAHs of runoff from Caobao Road mostly came from coal-fired sources and traffic sources, while that from Jiajin Expressway were mostly from fossil fuels, coal, and other traffic sources. Quantitative source analysis through PMF method showed that the primary sources of PAHs were gas and coal, accounting for 48.6%, followed by traffic emission sources (29.8%), and oil sources (21.7%). The contribution ratios of PAHs sources of runoff from Jiajin Expressway, sorted in descending order, are:traffic emission sources (38.5%), coal-fired sources (34.6%), oil sources (14.6%), and coking sources (12.6%). PAHs sources and contribution rates between urban and suburban roads are completely different. Gas and coal were the main sources of PAHs of runoff from Caobao Road, which was related to the high population density and relatively large gas consumption in the Xuhui District. Traffic emission was the main source of PAHs from surface runoff on Jiajin Expressway, which was related to the massive flow of coaches and trucks, and their higher PAHs emission compared to small cars. In addition, there are still coking sources of PAHs of runoff from Jiajin Expressway, which can be related to the massive industrial coal consumption in the Qingpu District.

[Characteristics of rainfall and runoff in urban drainage based on the SWMM model.] / 基于SWMM模型的城市排水区域降雨及地表产流特征.

The characteristics of 235 rainfall and surface runoff events, from 2009 to 2011 in a typical urban drainage area in Shanghai were analyzed by using SWMM model. The results showed that the rainfall events in the region with high occurrence frequency were characterized by small rainfall amount and low intensity. The most probably occurred rainfall had total amount less than 10 mm, or mean intensity less than 5 mm·h-1,or peak intensity less than 10 mm·h-1, accounting for 66.4%, 88.8% and 79.6% of the total rainfall events, respectively. The study was of great significance to apply low-impact development to reduce runoff and non-point source pollution under condition of less rainfall amount or low mean rainfall intensity in the area. The runoff generally increased with the increase of rainfall. The threshold of regional occurring runoff was controlled by not only rainfall amount, but also mean rainfall intensity and rainfall duration. In general, there was no surface runoff when the rainfall amount was less than 2 mm. When the rainfall amount was between 2 to 4 mm and the mean rainfall intensity was below 1.6 mm·h-1, the runoff was less than 1 mm. When the rainfall exceeded 4 mm and the mean rainfall intensity was larger than 1.6 mm·h-1, the runoff would occur generally. Based on the results of the SWMM simulation, three regression equations that were applicable to regional runoff amount and rainfall factors were established. The adjustment R2 of the three equations were greater than 0.97. This indicated that the equations could reflect well the relationship between runoff and rainfall variables. The results provided the basis of calculations to plan low impact development and better reduce overflow pollution in local drainage area. It also could serve as a useful reference for runoff study in similar drainage areas.

Y chromosomes of 40% Chinese descend from three Neolithic super-grandfathers.

Demographic change of human populations is one of the central questions for delving into the past of human beings. To identify major population expansions related to male lineages, we sequenced 78 East Asian Y chromosomes at 3.9 Mbp of the non-recombining region, discovered >4,000 new SNPs, and identified many new clades. The relative divergence dates can be estimated much more precisely using a molecular clock. We found that all the Paleolithic divergences were binary; however, three strong star-like Neolithic expansions at ∼6 kya (thousand years ago) (assuming a constant substitution rate of 1×10(-9)/bp/year) indicates that ∼40% of modern Chinese are patrilineal descendants of only three super-grandfathers at that time. This observation suggests that the main patrilineal expansion in China occurred in the Neolithic Era and might be related to the development of agriculture.

BMP-7 attenuates liver fibrosis via regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in vivo and on the hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation in vitro. In vivo, thirty male ICR mice were randomly allocated to three groups, the control group (n = 6), the CCl4 group (n = 18) and the BMP-7+CCl4 group (n = 6). The model of liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection with CCl4 three times per week lasting for 12 weeks in CCl4 group and the BMP-7+CCl4 group. After 8 weeks injection with CCl4, mice were intraperitoneal injected with human recombinant BMP-7 in BMP-7+CCl4 group. Meanwhile, mice in the CCl4 group were only intraperitoneal injection with equal amount of saline. The degree of liver fibrosis was assessed by HE and Masson's staining. PCR and western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein levels. In BMP-7+CCl4 group, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aminotransferase (AST) were decreased and serum albumin (Alb) was increased. Meanwhile, the expressions of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were down-regulated by BMP-7 intervention as compared to the CCl4 group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BMP-7 also suppressed the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphorylated-epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR). HE and Masson stain showed that liver damage was alleviated in BMP-7+CCl4 group. In vitro study, expression of EGFR, TGF-ß1 and α-SMA were down regulated by BMP-7 dose-dependently, indicating it might effect on suppression of HSC activation. Therefore, our data indicate BMP-7 was capable of inhibiting liver fibrosis and suppressing HSCs activation, and these effects might rely on its crosstalk with EGFR and TGF-ß1. We suggest that BMP-7 may be a potential reagentfor the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.

The histone H3 Lys 27 demethylase JMJD3 regulates gene expression by impacting transcriptional elongation.

The histone H3 Lys 27 (H3K27) demethylase JMJD3 has been shown to play important roles in transcriptional regulation and cell differentiation. However, the mechanism underlying JMJD3-mediated transcriptional regulation remains incompletely understood. Here we show that JMJD3 is associated with KIAA1718, whose substrates include dimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me2), and proteins involved in transcriptional elongation. JMJD3 and KIAA1718 directly bind to and regulate the expression of a plethora of common target genes in both a demethylase activity-dependent and -independent manner in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. We found that JMJD3 and KIAA1718 collaborate to demethylate trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3) on a subset of their target genes, some of which are bivalently marked by H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 and associated with promoter-proximal, paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II) before activation. Reduction of either JMJD3 or KIAA1718 diminishes Pol II traveling along the gene bodies of the affected genes while having no effect on the promoter-proximal Pol II. Furthermore, JMJD3 and KIAA1718 also play a role in localizing elongation factors SPT6 and SPT16 to the target genes. Our results support the model whereby JMJD3 activates bivalent gene transcription by demethylating H3K27me3 and promoting transcriptional elongation. Taken together, these findings provide new insight into the mechanisms by which JMJD3 regulates gene expression.

DNA unwinding by ASCC3 helicase is coupled to ALKBH3-dependent DNA alkylation repair and cancer cell proliferation.

Demethylation by the AlkB dioxygenases represents an important mechanism for repair of N-alkylated nucleotides. However, little is known about their functions in mammalian cells. We report the purification of the ALKBH3 complex and demonstrate its association with the activating signal cointegrator complex (ASCC). ALKBH3 is overexpressed in various cancers, and both ALKBH3 and ASCC are important for alkylation damage resistance in these tumor cell lines. ASCC3, the largest subunit of ASCC, encodes a 3'-5' DNA helicase, whose activity is crucial for the generation of single-stranded DNA upon which ALKBH3 preferentially functions for dealkylation. In cell lines that are dependent on ALKBH3 and ASCC3 for alkylation damage resistance, loss of ALKBH3 or ASCC3 leads to increased 3-methylcytosine and reduced cell proliferation, which correlates with pH2A.X and 53BP1 foci formation. Our data provide a molecular mechanism by which ALKBH3 collaborates with ASCC to maintain genomic integrity in a cell-type specific manner.

AKINbeta1 is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and sugar signaling in Arabidopsis.

Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) has been located at the heart of the control of metabolism and development in plants. The active SnRK1 form is usually a heterotrimeric complex. Subcellular localization and specific target of the SnRK1 kinase are regulated by specific beta subunits. In Arabidopsis, there are at least seven genes encoding beta subunits, of which the regulatory functions are not yet clear. Here, we tried to study the function of one beta subunit, AKINbeta1. It showed that AKINbeta1 expression was dramatically induced by ammonia nitrate but not potassium nitrate, and the investigation of AKINbeta1 transgenic Arabidopsis and T-DNA insertion lines showed that AKINbeta1 negatively regulated the activity of nitrate ruductase and was positively involved in sugar repression in early seedling development. Meanwhile AKINbeta1 expression was reduced upon sugar treatment (including mannitol) and did not affect the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase. The results indicate that AKINbeta1 is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and sugar signaling.

[The screening of interaction factors with BoCAL and BoAP1 related to curd formation].

CAL (CAULIFLOWER) gene and AP1 (APETALA1) gene, which both belong to MADS-box transcription factors, are involved in the development of flower apical meristem. In A rabidopsis thaliana, loss of CAL and AP1 function at the same time leads to floweral meristems proliferation indeterminately, and the plants display the cauliflower phenotype. But in cauliflower (Brasscia oleracea L. var. botrytis), the BobCAL single mutant can display the cauliflower phenotype, it is appear that CAL and AP1 homolog have different function in both plants. To study the function of homozygous CAL , AP1 protein in Brassica Species, especially their regulation function in the formation of cauliflower, we took advantage of yeast-two-hybrid method to screen interaction factors of BoCAL. We got four kinds of proteins which are separately involve in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins, proteins modifying, proteins binding-site and so on. They separately have close relationship with translation, regulation pathways and signal transferring pathways and they provide clues for the study of function of BoCAL. Additionally, we checked up the relationship between some interacting factors of BoCAL and BoAP1, some known MADS-box translation factors and BoCAL and BoAP1. The results showed that BoCAL specifically interact with SnRKbeta2. BoCAL, BoAP1 both interact with SVP, similar as the homolog in Arabidopsis. While the interaction between BoCAL, BoAP1 with FLM, SOC1 and AGL24. The data here indicate the function of homozygous BoCAL and BoAP1 differ from that in Arabidopsis thaliana.