ABSTRACT
In recent years, brain diseases have seriously threatened human health due to their high morbidity and mortality. Achieving efficient drug delivery to provide satisfactory therapeutic outcomes is currently the greatest challenge in treating brain diseases. The main challenges are the structural peculiarities of the brain and the inability to transport drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Biomimetic nanodelivery systems (BNDSs) applied to the brain have been extensively developed in the preclinical phase to surmount these challenges. Considering the inherent properties of BNDSs, the substantially enhanced ability of BNDS to carry therapeutic agents and their higher selectivity toward lesions offer new opportunities for developing safe and effective therapies. This review summarizes brain-targeting nanotherapies, particularly advanced therapies with biomimetic nano-assistance. Prospects for developing BNDSs and the challenges of their clinical translation are discussed. Understanding and implementing biomimetic nanotherapies may facilitate the development of new targeted strategies for brain disorders.
Subject(s)
Brain Diseases , Nanoparticles , Humans , Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System , Nanomedicine , Biomimetics , Brain , Drug Delivery Systems , Blood-Brain BarrierABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence (AI), especially deep learning, is gaining extensive attention for its excellent performance in medical image analysis. It can automatically make a quantitative assessment of complex medical images and help doctors to make more accurate diagnoses. In recent years, AI based on ultrasound has been shown to be very helpful in diffuse liver diseases and focal liver lesions, such as analyzing the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver and the stage of liver fibrosis, identifying benign and malignant liver lesions, predicting the microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma, curative transarterial chemoembolization effect, and prognoses after thermal ablation. Moreover, AI based on endoscopic ultrasonography has been applied in some gastrointestinal diseases, such as distinguishing gastric mesenchymal tumors, detection of pancreatic cancer and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, and predicting the preoperative tumor deposits in rectal cancer. This review focused on the basic technical knowledge about AI and the clinical application of AI in ultrasound of liver and gastroenterology diseases. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives of AI.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Chemoembolization, Therapeutic , Gastroenterology , Liver Neoplasms , Humans , Artificial Intelligence , Gastroenterology/methods , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy , Chemoembolization, Therapeutic/methods , Liver Neoplasms/therapyABSTRACT
The NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a crucial role in lung disease and may have a similar role in upper respiratory tract inflammation. We therefore constructed a C57BL/6 mouse model of acute rhinosinusitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus and investigated the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in this model. Mice were classified as non-inoculated group (group A) and inoculated groups (groups B, C, D and E, sacrificed 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after inoculation, respectively). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that each group had inflammatory cell infiltration, except group A. The damage of the nasal mucosa was aggravated gradually over time. Western blot and immunofluorescence showed that the structural proteins of the NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD), procaspase-1) in groups B, C, D and E were increased gradually. But they were reduced in group B compared with group A, except for NLRP3. Western blot showed that the cleavage fragment of procaspase-1, p20 in groups B, C, D and E was increased gradually. Real-time PCR showed that the corresponding mRNAs of the structural proteins were changed the same as their proteins. IL-1ß mRNA and mature IL-1ß protein were increased gradually in groups A, B, C, D and E. These results indicate that NLRP3 inflammasome activation was associated with the acute rhinosinusitis, and that there was a positive correlation between the expression level of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the severity of acute rhinosinusitis.
Subject(s)
Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Rhinitis/metabolism , Sinusitis/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism , CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Caspase 1/genetics , Caspase 1/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Interleukin-1beta/genetics , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein , Nasal Mucosa/metabolism , Nasal Mucosa/pathology , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rhinitis/microbiology , Rhinitis/pathology , Sinusitis/microbiology , Sinusitis/pathology , Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicityABSTRACT
In the title compound, C(11)H(11)NO(4)S·H(2)O, the five-membered thia-zolidine ring is nearly planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.010â (2)â Å. The dihedral angle between the thia-zolidine and benzene rings is 49.16â (9)°. Inter-molecular O-Hâ¯O and N-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure.
