ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:In clinical application,the therapeutic effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation depends on the ability to accurately target the areas of the brain that need to be stimulated.In recent years,with the development of neuronavigation systems,mobile augmented reality technology,and the new methods of processing magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)data,the accuracy of stimulus target localization and the optimization of target selection are expected to improve further. OBJECTIVE:To review the principle of MRI-based image navigation and its application in transcranial magnetic stimulation and summarize the roles of different modal MRI data analyses in guiding the selection of target areas for transcranial magnetic stimulation. METHODS:An online computer search for relevant literature was performed in PubMed,CNKI database and WanFang database,with the keywords"transcranial magnetic stimulation,coil positioning,neuronavigation,augmented reality,magnetic resonance,theory."Finally,63 documents were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Among the traditional methods of positioning transcranial magnetic stimulation coils,the"5 cm rule"and the international electroencephalogram 10-20 positioning method are the most commonly used.These methods have the advantages of simplicity and economy,but they rely too much on the operator's experience and there were technical differences between operators.The neuronavigation system,which is based on stereotactic technology,is the guiding method for positioning transcranial magnetic stimulation coils with the highest visual degree and accuracy.It achieves visual positioning through MRI data acquisition,3D brain reconstruction,head model registration and stereogeometric positioning.It has high application value in clinical treatment and scientific research,but it cannot be promoted in medical institutions due to its high cost.For various medical institutions,mobile augmented reality is a cost-effective and efficient alternative to the neuronavigation system,which achieves visual positioning of brain tissue under the scalp through MRI data acquisition,2D/3D image construction,virtual image and real brain image superposition.It has the advantages of directly visualization and low cost,and is expected to be popularized and applied in primary medical units.Although the superiority of clinical efficacy of visual coil positioning over the electroencephalogram 10-20 localization strategy has not yet been fully demonstrated,with the progress of brain MRI data analysis,visual positioning is expected to further optimize the target selection strategy of transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy and to improve the response rate and individuation degree of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment.This is a promising and challenging research direction in the future.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the changes of plasma adiponectin concentration in type 2 diabetic patients with macrovascular complications.Methods Forty-nine cases of type 2 diabetic patients with macrovascular complications,fifty-four cases of type 2 diabetic patients without macrovascular complications and thirty-five healthy people were investigated.Their plasma adiponectin levels was assayed.Meanwhile,the levels of blood pressure,plasma glucose,lipids and C-peptide were measured.The plasma adiponectin levels among three groups were compared,and the factors affecting the plasma adiponectin were analyzed.Results The plasma adiponectin levels in the group of type 2 diabetes without macrovascular complications were lower than in the control group and were the lowest in the group of type 2 diabetes with macrovascular complications.The plasma adiponectin levels of these three groups were (16.37?3.03)mg/L,(6.69?4.42)mg/L,(4.08?3.24)mg/L,respectively.The differences among the three groups were statistically significant (P