The influence of COVID-19 prevention and control measures on the epidemic of influenza in Huzhou / 预防医学

Objective@#To evaluate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) prevention and control measures in Huzhou on influenza epidemic strength and characteristics in 2020, so as to provide reference for formulating influenza prevention measures. @*Methods@#Using the influenza surveillance data of the national influenza sentinel surveillance system from January 2015 to July 2020, the seasonal characteristics of influenza epidemic were analyzed, the proportion of influenza-like illness cases ( ILI% ) and the positive rate of influenza virus in January to July of 2020 were compared with those of the same period in 2015-2019, in order to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 prevention and control measures. @*Results @#The ILI% and the positive rate of influenza virus in Huzhou were 3.90% and 15.32% during 2015-2019, while were 4.41% and 12.63% from January to July of 2020. The trends of ILI% during 2015-2019 fluctuated similar, but continued to drop since January 2020. The positive rate of influenza virus peaked from December to March in 2015-2019, also peaked from December 2019 to January 2020, but decreased to 0 in March. ILI% was positively correlated with the positive rate of influenza virus ( r=0.682, P<0.05). The growth rates of ILI% from January to July 2020 were 4.75%, -11.27%, 0.68%, 19.84% and 0.92%, compared with the same period of 2015-2019, respectively. The growth rates of ILI% in January 2020 were much higher ( >57.00% ) and from April to July were much lower ( <-33.00% ) . The growth rates of influenza virus positive rate from January to July 2020 were -47.96%, -36.53%, -3.44%, -35.92% and -39.37%, compared to the same period of 2015-2019, respectively. The growth rates of influenza virus positive rate in January 2020 were much higher ( >11.00% ) and from February to March were much lower ( <-61.00% ). @*Conclusion@#Since COVID-19 prevention and control measures were implemented in January 2020 in Huzhou, the ILI% and the positive rate of influenza virus in sentinel hospitals decreased significantly.

[Rapidly detect and distinguish between norovirus G I and G II type with a pair of primers].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop RT- PCR assay for Rapidly detect and distinguish between Norovirus genogroup I and genogroup II with a pair of primers. METHODS: A pairs of primers specific to capsid prote in ORF2 gene of G I and G II Norovirus were dsigned according to the published complete genome sequence, with which the RNA of Norovirus was extracted and RT-PCR amplification. The sensitivity, specificity of the RT- PCR assay was estimated and apply it to the detection of Norovirus in clinical specimens. RESULTS: The results showed that the assay possessed high specificity for Norovirus detection and without any evident cross-reaction with other viruses, including rotavirus, enteric adenovirus and hepatitis A virus. The detection limit of RT-PCR assay for Norovirus G I and G II were up to 100 pg/ml and 10 pg/ml respectively. CONCLUSION: The RT- PCR assay provide rapid and sensitive detection of Norovirus G I and G II and should prove to be useful for Norovirus diagnosis in the outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis.

[Molecular characteristics of noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou].

To study the molecular characteristics of Noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou. During April 2008 and February 2009, fecal specimens of patients collected from 2 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were tested for Norovirus by real-time RT-PCR. Partial sequence of RNA dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp) of the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR, the PCR products were then purified, sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Both genogroup II (GII) and genogroup I (GI) noroviruses were detected in 2 outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two of the GI norovirus strains isolated from 2008 belonged to genotype GI/2 and one of the GI Norovirus strain isolated from 2009 belonged to genotype GI/3. The other GIIú norovirus strains isolated from 2009 had high nucleotide identity with GIIb genotype that had been reported frequently in European countries during 2000 and 2001 and in Asian countries recently. These results suggested that the epidemic strains of norovirus isolated in Huzhou had a high degree of genetic diversity and prevalent genotypes at different times were also different. To our knowledge this is the first report of detecting GIIb variant in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in China.

[Molecular characteristics of noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou].

OBJECTIVE: To study the molecular characteristics of Noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou. METHODS: From 2008 to 2010, total 119 fecal specimens collected from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were tested for Norovirus. Partial sequence of RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR, then the PCR production were purified, sequenced and put into phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: 50 of 119 specimens were positive for Norovirus by real-time RT-PCR. Out of those 50 Norovirus positive specimens, 9 were Norovirus Genogroup I (GI) positive, 35 were Norovirus Genogroup II (GII) positive, 6 was both Norovirus GI and GII positive. 12 PCR products for RdRp were selected for further studies on sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 5 GI norovirus isolates were belonged to genotype GI/2 and GI/3. Of the 7 GII norovirus isolates, 6 were belonged to genotype GII/4, 1 was belonged to genotype Glib. CONCLUSION: Norovirus is a major cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou and the epidemic strains of norovirus isolated from Huzhou had a high degree of genetic diversity.

[The study of the sensitive and specificity on HBV DNA replication by HBV-lP detecting].

OBJECTIVE: To detect HBV-LP and HBV DNA of the patients with hepatitis B, and to study the sensitive and specificity of HBV-LP detecting and its evaluate on for clinical application. METHODS: The ELISA was used for HBV-LP detecting and RT-PCR for HBV DNA detecting. RESULTS: The sensitive and specificity of HBV-LP and HBV DNA were 64.89%, 99.68%, 60.63% and 100% respectively (P > 0.05); +LR, -LR were 202.78, 60.63, 0.3522 and 0.3937, and there were significance between +LR of the detecting (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The sensitive and specificity of HBV-LP and HBV DNA detecting are considerable, +LR of HBV-LP are higher comparing HBV DNA. The HBV-LP is better serology index for detecting replication of HBV DNA.

[Clinical comparative study of five minimally invasive surgeries for upper urinary tract calculi].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), ureteroscopes supple of lens of lithotrity (URSf), ureter forcedly of lens of lithotrity (URSnf), laparoscopic ureterolithotomy and retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy and to explore the best methods and indications for treating the complex upper urinary tract calculi. METHODS: The distribution of cases was as follows: URSnf (n = 869), URSf (n = 56), MPCNL (n = 57), laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (n = 9) and retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (n = 80). RESULTS: A successful outcome was obtained in URSnf (n = 856), URSf (n = 51), MPCNL (n = 46), laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (n = 9) and retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (n = 75). And the success rate was 98.50%, 91.07%, 80.70%, 100% and 93.75% respectively. Five cases (0.47%) failed and there were not severe complication in all surgery groups. CONCLUSION: If a good indication of each approach is mastered, 5 minimally invasive are relatively safe and highly effective for most patients with complex upper urinary tract calculi.