Initiating PeriCBD to probe perinatal influences on neurodevelopment during 3-10 years in China.

Adverse perinatal factors can interfere with the normal development of the brain, potentially resulting in long-term effects on the comprehensive development of children. Presently, the understanding of cognitive and neurodevelopmental processes under conditions of adverse perinatal factors is substantially limited. There is a critical need for an open resource that integrates various perinatal factors with the development of the brain and mental health to facilitate a deeper understanding of these developmental trajectories. In this Data Descriptor, we introduce a multicenter database containing information on perinatal factors that can potentially influence children's brain-mind development, namely, periCBD, that combines neuroimaging and behavioural phenotypes with perinatal factors at county/region/central district hospitals. PeriCBD was designed to establish a platform for the investigation of individual differences in brain-mind development associated with perinatal factors among children aged 3-10 years. Ultimately, our goal is to help understand how different adverse perinatal factors specifically impact cognitive development and neurodevelopment. Herein, we provide a systematic overview of the data acquisition/cleaning/quality control/sharing, processes of periCBD.

Analysis of hepatitis B virus infection in 1424 patients with different pathological types of lymphoma (2018-2022): A real-world, retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have found a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), especially B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). However, most studies did not classify it and analyze the correlation between HBV and its various subtypes. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed 1424 patients with lymphoma. Differences in the prevalence of HBV infection in patients with different pathological types of lymphoma were analyzed. The clinical characteristics, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of HBV-positive and negative B-NHL subtypes were compared according to HBV infection. RESULTS: The HBV infection rate in NHL patients was 7.65%, which was higher than that in HL patients (2.59%, p < 0.05). The HBV infection rate in the B-NHL was higher than that in the T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (T-NHL) (8.14% vs. 4.95%). The HBV infection rate in the aggressive B-NHL was similar to that of the indolent B-NHL (8.30% vs. 7.88%), and the highest HBV infection rates were found in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, but no significant differences in clinical characteristics, PFS, and OS were seen between HBV-positive and negative patients in the two subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: There was an association between HBV infection and the development of NHL and HBV infection may play a role in the pathogenesis of B-NHL, but not T-NHL.

Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Fasting Blood Glucose and Diabetes in 20 Million Chinese Women of Reproductive Age.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence of the associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and diabetes risk from women of reproductive age, in whom diabetes may have adverse long-term health effects for both themselves and future generations, remains scarce. We therefore examined the associations of long-term PM2.5 exposure with fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and diabetes risk in women of reproductive age in China. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study included 20,076,032 women age 20-49 years participating in the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project in China between 2010 and 2015. PM2.5 was estimated using a satellite-based model. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of PM2.5 exposure with FBG level and diabetes risk, respectively. Diabetes burden attributable to PM2.5 was estimated using attributable fraction (AF) and attributable number. RESULTS: PM2.5 showed monotonic relationships with elevated FBG level and diabetes risk. Each interquartile range (27 µg/m3) increase in 3-year average PM2.5 concentration was associated with a 0.078-mmol/L (95% CI 0.077, 0.079) increase in FBG and 18% (95% CI 16%, 19%) higher risk of diabetes. The AF attributed to PM2.5 exposure exceeding 5 µg/m3 was 29.0% (95% CI 27.5%, 30.5%), corresponding to an additional 78.6 thousand (95% CI 74.5, 82.6) diabetes cases. Subgroup analyses showed more pronounced diabetes risks in those who were overweight or obese, age >35 years, less educated, of minority ethnicity, registered as a rural household, and residing in western China. CONCLUSIONS: We found long-term PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher diabetes risk in women of reproductive age in China.

Can EPDS and EPDS-3A be used to replace GAD-7 to screen the anxiety of pregnant women during pregnancy examination?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the screening ability and cut-off scores of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and EPDS-3A for pregnancy anxiety in pregnancy examination. METHODS: This was a prospective repetitive measurement study. A follow-up survey was performed in Chinese pregnant women with the EPDS, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and a basic information questionnaire. A total of 609 women participated in all surveys at three trimesters, and all data were complete with no missing values. Receiver operating characteristic curves, Cohen's kappa and cross-tabulation were used to test the single and combined screening ability of EPDS and EPDS-3A for pregnancy anxiety. RESULTS: The areas under the curves of EPDS and EPDS-3A were close to or more than 0.90. EPDS scores greater than 14 in the first trimester and greater than 13 in the second and third trimesters could be used as the cut-off values. EPDS-3A score greater than 4 could be used as the cut-off value in each trimester. Adding the EPDS-3A to the EPDS would lead to correct identification of an additional 6.33%, 6.35%, and 7.25% of anxious women and misdiagnosis of an additional 6.60%, 2.56%, and 2.41% of normal women in each trimester, respectively. CONCLUSION: The EPDS and EPDS-3A can be used alone or in combination for initially screening of pregnancy anxiety. Under certain conditions, they can even be used to replace GAD-7 for anxiety screening to reduce the adverse influence of excessive screening on pregnant women, and improve the quality of survey data and efficiency of clinical services.

Evaluating the Impact of Maternal Exposure to Ozone on Twin Fetal Growth in China.

Unlike singletons, twins require attention not only to the birth weight of the fetuses but also to discordance (i.e., the differences between weights) because twin growth discordance is a significant factor contributing to perinatal mortality and morbidity in twin pregnancies. However, the impact of maternal air pollution exposure on twin growth discordance has rarely been investigated. We examined the association of long-term ozone exposure during preconception and pregnancy with the birth weight of twins and twin growth discordance among 35,795 twins from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project between January 2010 and December 2019. Linear mixed-effect models and random-effect logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of ozone exposure with the birth weight-related outcomes (i.e., birth weight of twins and within-pair birth weight difference) and risk of twin growth discordance, respectively, after adjustment for demographic characteristics and lifestyle. We found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase (15 µg/m3) in ozone exposure during the entire pregnancy was associated with a reduction (-28.96g, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -46.37, -11.56) in the total birth weight of twins, and ozone had a more pronounced impact on the birth weight of the smaller fetuses (-18.28 g, 95% CI: -27.22, -9.34) compared to the larger fetuses (-9.88 g, 95% CI: -18.84, -0.92) in twin pregnancies. An IQR increase in ozone exposure during the entire pregnancy was associated with a significant increase (8.41 g, 95% CI: 4.13, 12.69) in the within-pair birth weight difference; the odds ratio (OR) of twin growth discordance related to ozone exposure increased by 9% (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.18). However, no consistently significant associations were observed for ozone exposure during prepregnancy. Male-male twin pairs and those who were born prematurely appeared to be more susceptible to ozone exposure than their counterparts. Long-term ozone exposure during pregnancy was associated with twin growth discordance, and our findings provide reference data for future studies.

Spacecraft Segment Damage Identification Method Based on Fiber Optic Strain Difference Field Reconstruction and Norm Calculation.

Real-time online identification of spacecraft segment damage is of great significance for realizing spacecraft structural health monitoring and life prediction. In this paper, a damage response characteristic field inversion algorithm based on the differential reconstruction of strain response is proposed to solve the problem of not being able to recognize the small damages of spacecraft structure directly by the strain response alone. Four crack damage location identification methods based on vector norm computation are proposed, which realize online identification and precise location of structural damage events without external excitation by means of spacecraft structural working loads only. A spacecraft segment structural damage monitoring system based on fiber optic grating sensors was constructed, and the average error of damage localization based on the curvature vector 2 norm calculation was 2.58 mm, and the root-mean-square error was 1.98 mm. The results show that the method has superior engineering applicability for on-orbit service environments.

Epidemiology of Influenza-like Illness and Respiratory Viral Etiology in Adult Patients in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China between 2018 and 2019.

To determine the epidemiological status of influenza and understand the distribution of common respiratory viruses in adult patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China, epidemiological data between 2018 and 2019 were retrieved from the China Influenza Surveillance Information System, and two sentinel ILI surveillance hospitals were selected for sample collection. All specimens were screened for influenza virus (IFV) and the other 14 common respiratory viruses using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results of the 2-year ILI surveillance showed that 26,205 (1.37%) of the 1,907,869 outpatients and emergency patients presented with ILI, with an average annual incidence of 297.75 per 100,000 individuals, and ILI cases were predominant in children <15 years (21,348 patients, 81.47%). Of the 2713 specimens collected from adult patients with ILI, the overall detection rate of respiratory viruses was 20.13%, with IFV being the most frequently detected (11.79%) and at a relatively lower rate than other respiratory viruses. Further subtype analysis indicated an alternating or mixed prevalence of H1N1 (2009), H3N2, Victoria, and Yamagata subtypes. This study provides a baseline epidemiological characterization of ILI and highlights the need for a nationwide detection and surveillance system for multiple respiratory pathogens.

Neutral Phenolic Contaminants Are Not Necessarily More Resistant to Permanganate Oxidation Than Their Dissociated Counterparts: Importance of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer.

Despite decades of research on phenols oxidation by permanganate, there are still considerable uncertainties regarding the mechanisms accounting for the unexpected parabolic pH-dependent oxidation rate. Herein, the pH effect on phenols oxidation was reinvestigated experimentally and theoretically by highlighting the previously unappreciated proton transfer. The results revealed that the oxidation of protonated phenols occurred via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathways, which can switch from ETPT (electron transfer followed by proton transfer) to CEPT (concerted electron-proton transfer) or PTET (proton transfer followed by electron transfer) with an increase in pH. A PCET-based model was thus established, and it could fit the kinetic data of phenols oxidation by permanganate well. In contrast with what was previously thought, both the simulating results and the density functional theory calculation indicated the rate of CEPT reaction of protonated phenols with OH- as the proton acceptor was much higher than that of deprotonated phenols, which could account for the pH-rate profiles for phenols oxidation. Analysis of the quantitative structure-activity relationships among the modeled rate constants, Hammett constants, and pKa values of phenols further supports the idea that the oxidation of protonated phenols is dominated by PCET. This study improves our understanding of permanganate oxidation and suggests a new pattern of reactivity that may be applicable to other systems.

Association of Fine Particulate Matter and Its Components with Macrosomia: A Nationwide Birth Cohort Study of 336 Chinese Cities.

To examine the associations between macrosomia risk and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical components during pregnancy, we collected birth records between 2010 and 2015 in mainland China from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project and used satellite-based models to estimate concentrations of PM2.5 mass and five main components, namely, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), and ammonium (NH4+). Associations between macrosomia risk and prenatal exposure to PM2.5 were examined by logistic regression analysis, and the sensitive subgroups were explored by stratified analyses. Of the 3,248,263 singleton newborns from 336 cities, 165,119 (5.1%) had macrosomia. Each interquartile range increase in concentration of PM2.5 during the entire pregnancy was associated with increased risk of macrosomia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-1.20). Among specific components, the largest effect estimates were found on NO3- (OR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.35-1.38) followed by OC (OR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.22-1.24), NH4+ (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.21-1.23), and BC (OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.20-1.22). We also that found boys, women with a normal or lower prepregnancy body mass index, and women with irregular or no folic acid supplementation experienced higher risk of macrosomia associated with PM2.5 exposure.

Etiological Study of Acute Conjunctivitis Caused by Human Adenovirus in Shanxi Province, China, between 2016 and 2019.

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is the primary cause of acute conjunctivitis. To improve our understanding of the etiology of adenoviral conjunctivitis, ocular samples were collected from 160 conjunctivitis cases in the Shanxi province of northern China between 2016 and 2019. Through preliminary identification, virus isolation, and type identification, a total of 63 HAdV isolates were obtained from the samples. Three species and seven types (HAdV-3, HAdV-4, HAdV-8, HAdV-37, HAdV-53, HAdV-64, and HAdV-85) were detected, with HAdV-64, HAdV-3, and HAdV-8 being the predominant types in 2016, 2018, and 2019, respectively. Further phylogenetic analysis indicated the relative genomic stability of seven HAdV-type strains, except for 4 HAdV-3 strains in 2018 with a novel amino acid insertion site (Pro) between P19 and S20 in the penton base gene. It is worth noting that the genomes of two Shanxi HAdV-85 strains from 2016 were almost identical to those of previously reported HAdV-85 strains that circulated in Japan in 2014 to 2018. China was the second country to sample and isolate HAdV-85, suggesting that HAdV-85 might be underreported as an ocular pathogen. Data obtained in this study provide valuable information on the prevalence of acute conjunctivitis caused by HAdV. IMPORTANCE HAdV types in cases of conjunctivitis in Shanxi province, China, in 2016 to 2019 showed evident diversity, with seven types (HAdV-3, HAdV-4, HAdV-8, HAdV-37, HAdV-53, HAdV-64, and HAdV-85) being identified, and relative genome stability of these viruses was observed. In addition, China was the second country to sample and isolate HAdV-85, which suggests that HAdV-85 might be underreported as an important pathogen associated with ocular infections. These results enhance the understanding of the etiology of adenoviral conjunctivitis and may aid in the development of prevention and control strategies for HAdV-related ocular infections in China.

The Effects of Perceived Social Support on Postpartum Anxiety: A Moderated Mediation Model.

PURPOSE: Previous literature showed that perceived social support, self-esteem and optimism all played critical roles in the developing of postpartum anxiety. However, the mechanisms of influence were still unclear. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of the relationship among perceived social support, self-esteem, optimism and postpartum anxiety. METHOD: 756 women within one year after childbirth were surveyed using the Perceived Social Support Scale, Self-Assessment of Anxiety Scale, Self-Esteem Scale and Life Orientation Test Questionnaire. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to determine the direction and size of the all variables. The mediation model and the moderated mediation model were performed using the PROCESS macro. RESULTS: Postpartum anxiety negatively correlated with perceived social support, self-esteem and optimism. A significant positive relationship existed among perceived social support, self-esteem and optimism. Self-esteem played a mediating role in the association between perceived social support and postpartum anxiety, with a mediating effect value of - 0.23. Optimism moderated the mediating process by which perceived social support affected postpartum anxiety via self-esteem. At the three levels of optimism (mean minus 1 SD, mean and mean plus 1 SD), the mediating effect values of self-esteem in the relationship between perceived social support and postpartum anxiety tended to diminish. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between perceived social support and postnatal anxiety, and this mediating process was moderated by optimism.

Effect of e-health interventions on HIV prevention: a protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Global epidemiological data indicates that despite implementation of multiple interventions and significant financial investment, the HIV/AIDS epidemic remained inadequately controlled as of 2020. E-health presents a novel approach in delivering health information and health care and has gained popularity in HIV prevention worldwide. However, evidence on the effectiveness of e-health interventions on HIV prevention among diverse populations remains inadequate. Our study aims to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of varying e-health interventions on HIV prevention, with the objective of providing data support and guidance for the development of future e-health HIV intervention strategies. METHODS: A systematic search of electronic English databases, including MEDLINE through PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, along with three Chinese databases, including National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Wanfang Digital Periodicals (WANFANG), and Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals (VIP) database, will be conducted for the period of 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2022. Additionally, gray literature and unpublished trials in trial registers will be searched. Studies aimed at HIV prevention through e-health interventions, with full-text publications available in either English or Chinese, will be included. Study types will be limited to RCT, cluster RCT, and quasi-experiment study. The risk of bias in individual studies will be assessed following the guideline highlighted by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The outcomes will cover cognitive, behavioral, psychological, management, and biological measures of individuals involved in e-health interventions. The quality of evidence will be assessed by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Ultimately, a systematic review with meta-analysis will be conducted to compare the effectiveness of e-health interventions among diverse populations. DISCUSSION: This systematic review seeks to establish novel insights into the effectiveness of e-health interventions in diverse populations worldwide. It will inform the design and use of e-health interventions to optimize HIV-related strategies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022295909.

Naproxen as a Turn-On Chemiluminescent Probe for Real-Time Quantification of Sulfate Radicals.

Current techniques for identifying and quantifying sulfate radicals (SO4·-) in SO4·--based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are unsatisfactory due to their low selectivity, poor reliability, and limited feasibility for real-time quantification. In this study, naproxen (NAP) was employed as a turn-on luminescent probe for real-time quantification of SO4·- in SR-AOPs. The chemiluminescence(CL) yield (ΦCL) of the reaction of NAP with SO4·- was first determined to be 1.49 × 10-5 E mol-1 with the bisulfite activation by cerium(IV) [Ce(IV)/BS] process. Then, the maximum peak concentrations of SO4·- in the Ce(IV)/BS-NAP process was quantified to be ∼10-11 M based on the derived equation. Since ΦCL of the reaction of NAP with SO4·- was much greater than that with other reactive oxidizing species (ROS), the developed CL method worked well in selective quantification of SO4·- in various SR-AOPs (e.g., the activation of peroxymonosulfate and persulfate by iron processes). Finally, the electron transfer from NAP to SO4·- was proposed to be the critical step for CL production. This work provides a novel CL method for real-time quantification of SO4·-, which facilitates the development of SR-AOPs and their application in water and wastewater treatment.

Epidemiology of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Genetic Evolutionary Characteristics of Coxsackievirus A10 in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2020.

In recent years, the prevalence of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enteroviruses other than enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) has gradually increased. The throat swab specimens of 2701 HFMD cases were tested, the VP1 regions of CVA10 RNA were amplified using RT-PCR, and phylogenetic analysis of CVA10 was performed. Children aged 1-5 years accounted for the majority (81.65%) and boys were more than girls. The positivity rates of EV-A71, CVA16, and other EVs were 15.22% (219/1439), 28.77% (414/1439), and 56.01% (806/1439), respectively. CVA10 is one of the important viruses of other EVs. A total of 52 CVA10 strains were used for phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 region, 31 were from this study, and 21 were downloaded from GenBank. All CVA10 sequences could be assigned to seven genotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G), and genotype C was further divided into C1 and C2 subtypes, only one belonged to subtype C1 and the remaining 30 belonged to C2 in this study. This study emphasized the importance of strengthening the surveillance of HFMD to understand the mechanisms of pathogen variation and evolution, and to provide a scientific basis for HFMD prevention, control, and vaccine development.

Patient-Reported Outcomes in Young Adults with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.

INTRODUCTION: Genetic landscape, disease characteristics, and clinical outcomes of young adults with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) were reported. However, data on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in young adults with MPNs were rare. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study to compare the PROs in respondents with thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF) by age at survey, including the young group (18-40 years), middle-aged group (41-60 years), and elderly group (>60 years). RESULTS: Of the 1,664 respondents with MPNs, 349 (21.0%) were young including 244 (69.9%) with ET, 34 (9.7%) with PV, and 71 (20.3%) with MF. In multivariate analyses, the young groups with ET and MF were associated with the lowest MPN-10 scores among the 3 age groups; those with MF, highest proportion of reporting negative impact of disease and therapy on their daily life and work. The young groups with MPNs had the highest physical component summary scores but the lowest mental component summary scores in those with ET. The young groups with MPNs were most concerned about fertility; those with ET, treatment-related adverse events and long-term efficacy of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that young adults with MPNs have different PROs compared with middle-aged and elderly patients.

L-Shaped Heterobidentate Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene (N,C)-Ligands for Oxidant-Free AuI /AuIII Catalysis.

In the last decade, major advances have been made in homogeneous gold catalysis. However, AuI /AuIII catalytic cycle remains much less explored due to the reluctance of AuI to undergo oxidative addition and the stability of the AuIII intermediate. Herein, we report activation of aryl halides at gold(I) enabled by NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands through the development of a new class of L-shaped heterobidentate ImPy (ImPy=imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene) N,C ligands that feature hemilabile character of the amino group in combination with strong σ-donation of the carbene center in a rigid conformation, imposed by the ligand architecture. Detailed characterization and control studies reveal key ligand features for AuI /AuIII redox cycle, wherein the hemilabile nitrogen is placed at the coordinating position of a rigid framework. Given the tremendous significance of homogeneous gold catalysis, we anticipate that this ligand platform will find widespread application.

Dyngo-4a Induces Neuroblastoma Cell Differentiation Through The AKT and ERK1/2 Pathway.

AIM: The aim of the study is to check whether dyngo-4a can inhibit neuroblastoma (NB) proliferation and induce NB cell differentiation Background: Dynamin plays a role in regulating neurotransmission, signaling pathways, nutrient uptake, and pathogen infection, enhancing cell proliferation, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Studies have reported that dyngo-4a, a dynamin inhibitor, can be used to identify potential biomarkers and promising novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. OBJECTIVE: To our knowledge, no published reports are showing that dynamin inhibitors can reduce NB cell proliferation and induce differentiation. In this study, we report that dyngo-4a can inhibit NB proliferation and induce NB cell differentiation. METHODS: In this study, mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells were cultured in the presence or absence of dyngo-4a or retinoic acid (RA), or in the presence of both dyngo-4a and RA, or in the presence of sequential administration of dyngo-4a and RA to compare the effects on the inhibition of cell proliferation and effects on neuroblastoma cell differentiation induction. The neural cell markers, Nestin and Tuj 1 (Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin), were used to demonstrate that the differentiated cells have neuronal cell features. The phosphorylation of Protein Kinase B (AKT), extracellular signalregulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were determined to examine the potential mechanisms of induced differentiation. RESULTS: Dyngo-4a or RA or dyngo-4a with subsequent RA administration induced Neuro-2a cell differentiation. However, RA with subsequent dyngo-4a administration results in almost total death of the Neuro-2a cells. The differentiation rate induced by dyngo-4a was significantly higher than the rate by RA treatment (72.5 ± 1.4% vs. 52.9 ± 3.1% with neuron features, P<0.05; 39.0 ± 0.8% vs. 29.9 ± 1.8% for axons under light microscopy, p<0.05). The differentiation rate of cells treated with dyngo-4a first, followed by RA, was greater than when they were added together (74.8 ± 3.8% vs. 10.6 ± 3.6%; 45.5 ± 1.6% vs. 12.4 ± 0.6%, p<0.01). Co-administration of dyngo-4a and RA at the same time diminished differentiation efficacy significantly. Dyngo-4a induced Neuro-2a cell differentiation and increased Tuj-1 positive staining by the 6th day post- treatment. Dyngo-4a also inhibited Neuro-2a cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Regarding the mechanism, dyngo-4a treatment showed a significant increase in p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 but not in p-EGFR. CONCLUSION: At a level comparable to RA, dynamin inhibition with dyngo-4a lowers proliferation and causes differentiation of Neuro-2a mouse NB cells in vitro. The AKT pathway is activated by dynago- 4a, which results in differentiation. The combination of RA with dynago-4a reduces the efficiency of differentiation. The application of dynago-4a followed by RA, on the other hand, enhances the differentiating effect, implying alternative mechanistic roles in the process.

Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease and the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 in Taiyuan, Shanxi, China from 2010 to 2021.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood infectious disease caused by human enteroviruses (EV). This study aimed to describe the epidemiological features of HFMD and the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, from 2010 to 2021. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the time and population distribution of HFMD and the genetic characteristics of CVA16. Except being affected by the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, HFMD epidemics were sporadic from January to March each year, and began to increase in April, with a major epidemic peak from May to August, which declined in September, followed by a secondary peak from October to December. The prevalence of EV infection was the highest in children aged one to five years (84.42%), whereas its incidence was very low in children under one year of age (5.48%). Enterovirus nucleic acid was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 6641 clinical specimens collected from patients with HFMD from 2010 to 2021, and 4236 EV-positive specimens were detected, including 988 enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), 1488 CVA16, and 1760 other enteroviruses. CVA16 remains prevalent and has co-circulated with other EVs in Taiyuan from 2010 to 2021. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on the VP1 region showed that all CVA16 strains belonged to two different clades of the B1 genotype, B1a and B1b. They showed a nucleotide similarity of 86.5-100%, and an amino acid similarity of 96.9-100%. Overall, these findings add to the global genetic resources of CVA16, demonstrate the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD as well as the genetic features of CVA16 in Taiyuan City during 2010-2021, and provide supporting evidence for the prevention and control of HFMD.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Therapy for Pulmonary Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical Studies.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a type of clinical pathophysiological syndrome characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and subsequent progressive failure of the right heart function, and is a common complication of many diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) autonomously home to sites damaged by disease, repair damaged tissues, and participate in the regulation of systemic inflammation and immune responses, which have good clinical application prospects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, participate in various biological activities by regulating intercellular communication. Exosomes secreted into the extracellular environment also affect the host immune system. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), as a mediator in the paracrine processes of MSCs, carry biologically active substances such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, and micro-RNA. MSC-EVs therapies, safer than cell-based treatments, have been shown to be effective in modulating macrophages to support anti-inflammatory phenotypes, which are strongly related to histological and functional benefits in preclinical models of pulmonary hypertension. The main effects of active substances and their potential medical value have attracted wide attention from researchers. This article reviews the role and relevant mechanisms of MSC-EVs in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in recent studies and provides a basis for their future clinical applications.