OsMGD1-Mediated Membrane Lipid Remodeling Improves Salt Tolerance in Rice.

Salt stress severely reduces photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in adverse effects on crop growth and yield production. Two key thylakoid membrane lipid components, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), were perturbed under salt stress. MGDG synthase 1 (MGD1) is one of the key enzymes for the synthesis of these galactolipids. To investigate the function of OsMGD1 in response to salt stress, the OsMGD1 overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (Ri) rice lines, and a wild type (WT), were used. Compared with WT, the OE lines showed higher chlorophyll content and biomass under salt stress. Besides this, the OE plants showed improved photosynthetic performance, including light absorption, energy transfer, and carbon fixation. Notably, the net photosynthetic rate and effective quantum yield of photosystem II in the OE lines increased by 27.5% and 25.8%, respectively, compared to the WT. Further analysis showed that the overexpression of OsMGD1 alleviated the negative effects of salt stress on photosynthetic membranes and oxidative defense by adjusting membrane lipid composition and fatty acid levels. In summary, OsMGD1-mediated membrane lipid remodeling enhanced salt tolerance in rice by maintaining membrane stability and optimizing photosynthetic efficiency.

Spatial-temporally and industrially heterogeneous effects of new infrastructure construction on fostering emerging industries in Chinese cities.

New infrastructure construction stemming from the new waves of technological revolution worldwide is exemplified by 5G base stations, big data centers, and ultra-high voltage. It has aroused extensive academic and policy interests in recent years, especially due to its beneficial role in empowering regional novel economic dynamics. However, this argument is still too general to capture the nuanced effects of new infrastructure construction on fostering emerging industries in specific spatial-temporal and industrial contexts, which is left for geographers to take up. This paper focuses on the spatial-temporally and industrially heterogeneous effects of new infrastructure construction on fostering four distinctive emerging industries in major Chinese cities over the last decade. It reveals that new infrastructure construction and emerging industries have experienced rapid development in major Chinese cities, with geographical agglomeration in national central cities with advanced economic development level. It is empirically demonstrated that new infrastructure construction can facilitate the development of emerging industries in major Chinese cities, while significant spatial-temporal heterogeneity characterizes the contributory forces. Furthermore, artificial intelligence as a Key Enabling Technology, robotics as a kind of hardware-featured industry, software-as-a-service as a software-centered industry, and blockchain as a networking-oriented industry vary markedly in the extent and the ways in which they benefit from new infrastructure construction, and they consequently exhibit industrial sensitivity to spatial-temporal heterogeneity in the fostering effects.

Altered fatty acid composition confers improved drought acclimation in maize.

Drought induces alteration in membrane lipid composition in plants; however, still little is known about whether membrane lipid remodeling plays a role in plant drought acclimation, including both drought tolerance and recovery, especially in crops. Here, we imposed natural progressive drought and re-watering in 18 maize genotypes at the seedling stage, and analyzed the physiological responses, drought tolerance and drought acclimation capabilities, contents of lipids, and fatty acid compositions. The results showed that drought caused significant reductions in shoot dry weight, relative water content, Fv/Fm, total lipid content, and double bond index (DBI) in most genotypes, while re-watering partially recovered these reductions. Meanwhile, the total lipid content, fatty acid composition, and DBI were also changed obviously in response to drought and re-watering. In order to explore the relationship between membrane lipid change and plant drought response, we did a principal component analysis. The results showed that C18:3 fatty acid contributed greatly to drought tolerance, and C16:2 and C16:3 fatty acids were more responsible for drought recovery. Meanwhile, DBI showed significant positive correlations with shoot dry weight and relative water content, but a negative association with lipid peroxidation, and more importantly, DBI was important for both drought tolerance and recovery. These alterations in membrane lipid composition may facilitate increasing membrane fluidity and decreasing membrane damage, thus maintaining the high photosynthetic capability under drought. Our results suggest that lipid remodeling is important for drought tolerance and recovery in crops, and different fatty acid species have different roles in crop drought acclimation.

FAR in systemic lupus erythematosus: a potential biomarker of disease activity and lupus nephritis.

The fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR), a novel inflammatory marker, has been studied in various diseases. However, the significance of FAR in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not been fully elucidated. This study was to investigate the connection between FAR and SLE. A retrospective analysis of 154 SLE patients and 77 healthy individuals was performed. The clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were conducted for FAR at baseline to predict disease activity and lupus nephritis (LN) in SLE patients. Pearson correlation was also applied. FAR in the SLE group was found to be significantly higher than that of the healthy control group (83.71 mg/g vs. 53.14 mg/g, P < 0.001). It was also significantly higher in patients with LN than that in patients without (107.64 mg/g vs. 67.75 mg/g, P < 0.001). The ROC curve for predicting LN showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of FAR (0.859, 95% CI 0.803-0.914) was the largest when compared to albumin (0.852, 95% CI 0.789-0.916) or fibrinogen (0.736, 95% CI 0.659-0.814) alone. In addition, FAR was a good predictor of severe disease activity in SLE (AUC = 0.721, 95% CI 0.612-0.830) and LN patients (AUC = 0.789, 95% CI 0.680-0.898). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that FAR demonstrated a strong correlation with SLE disease activity index 2000 (r = 0.4288, P < 0.001). FAR was significantly increased in SLE patients. It is a possible biomarker for disease activity and renal involvement in SLE.

Distinctive transnational city-to-city partnerships, decentralization, and local governance of China as a Global East Country.

Against the background of globalisation and state rescaling, promoting decentralisation and enhancing local governance capacity have become prioritised objectives of transnational city-to-city partnerships mainly between developed and developing countries. However, considering the critical debates on Global East's uniqueness, two questions emerge when studying the transnational partnerships of Chinese cities. (1) Are Chinese cities' partnership establishments and objectives remarkably different from the existing international body of knowledge? (2) In China, whether decentralisation and local governance are promoted by city-to-city transnational partnerships as well? To cope with the questions, this paper examines 28 Chinese world cities' partnership establishments and objectives and reaches two conclusions. (1) With the objective of economic development, Chinese cities have consistently maintained strong connections with cities in both the developed and developing countries. (2) Chinese cities' transnational partnerships do not observably promote decentralisation, and China's political decentralisation is much more unstable than its economic decentralisation. Overall, both the binary partnership establishments and the dual-track decentralisation in political and economic aspects are highly embedded in China's interstitial and transitional position as a Global East country.

Chevrel Phase Mo6 S8 Nanosheets Featuring Reversible Electrochemical Li-Ion Intercalation as Effective Dynamic-Phase Promoter for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Modifying sulfur cathodes with lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) adsorptive and electrocatalytic host materials is regarded as one of the most effective approaches to address the challenging problems in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. However, because of the high operating voltage window of Li-S batteries from 1.7 to 2.8 V, most of the host materials cannot participate in the sulfur redox reactions within the same potential region, which exhibit fixed or single functional property, hardly fulfilling the requirement of the complex and multiphase process. Herein, Chevrel phase Mo6 S8 nanosheets with high electronic conductivity, fast ion transport capability, and strong polysulfide affinity are introduced to sulfur cathode. Unlike most previous inactive hosts with a fixed affinity or catalytic ability toward LiPSs, the reaction involving Mo6 S8 is intercalative and the adsorbability for LiPSs as well as the ionic conductivity can be dynamically enhanced via reversible electrochemical lithiation of Mo6 S8 to Li-ion intercalated Lix Mo6 S8 , thereby suppressing the shuttling effect and accelerating the conversion kinetics. Consequently, the Mo6 S8 nanosheets act as an effective dynamic-phase promoter in Li-S batteries and exhibit superior cycling stability, high-rate capability, and low-temperature performance. This study opens a new avenue for the development of advanced hosts with dynamic regulation activity for high performance Li-S batteries.

Wilms Tumor 1-Associated Protein Expression Is Linked to a T-Cell-Inflamed Phenotype in Pancreatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The molecular driving forces of anti-tumor immunity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unclear, which causing great difficulty in identifying an appropriate treatment strategy. AIMS: This study aims to explore the associations between expression of Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) and effector T-cell infiltration in PDAC. METHODS: In this study, we explored the association between WTAP expression and infiltration level of CD8+ T cells in PDAC. 178 PDAC samples were selected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The associations between diverse immune-cell infiltration, Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB), immune checkpoints, and WTAP expression were performed via R software. Transcriptional hallmarks of anti-tumor immunity and known T-cell-inflamed signature of PDAC were both selected to explore the relevance to WTAP expression. Potential immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response to different WTAP expression was predicted with tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) algorithm. RESULTS: WTAP was closely linked to CD8+ T-cell infiltration (r ≥ 0.5, P value < 0.05) and did not show notable association with TMB in PDAC. WTAP positively linked to T-cell-inflamed gene expression profiles (GEP) (IL2RB, IL2RA, ZAP70, ITK, CD3E, CD38, CD27, CD276, CD8A, CMKLR1, CXCR6, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-E, NKG7, and STAT1), cytolytic activity (GZMA and PRF1), various immune checkpoints (IDO1, CD274, HAVCR2, PDCD1, CTLA4, LAG3, and PDCD1LG2) and 4-chemokine signature (CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10). Besides, increased expression of WTAP was related to a higher TIDE score. CONCLUSIONS: WTAP marks PDAC tumors with an active anti-tumor phenotype and might help the identification of PDAC patients who might benefit from immunotherapies.

Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair SU5416-Injured Emphysema by Inhibiting Apoptosis via Rescuing VEGF-VEGFR2-AKT Pathway in Rats.

Background and Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, frequently-occurring disease and poses a major health concern. Unfortunately, there is current no effective treatment for COPD, particularly emphysema. Recently, experimental treatment of COPD using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) mainly focused on bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs) have more advantages compared to BM-MSCs. However, studies on the role of hUC-MSCs in management of COPD are limited. This study sought to explore the role of hUC-MSCs and its action mechanisms in a rat model of VEGF receptor blocker SU5416-injured emphysema. Methods and Results: hUC-MSCs were characterized by immunophenotype and differentiation analysis. Rats were divided into four groups: Control, Control＋MSC, SU5416 and SU5416＋MSC. Rats in model group were administered with SU5416 for three weeks. At the end of the second week after SU5416 administration, model group were infused with 3×106 hUC-MSCs through tail vein. After 14 days from hUC-MSCs transplantation, rats were euthanized and data were analyzed. HE staining and mean linear intercepts showed that SU5416-treated rats exhibited typical emphysema while emphysematous changes in model rats after hUC-MSCs transplantation disappeared completely and were restored to normal phenotype. Furthermore, hUC-MSCs inhibited apoptosis as shown by TUNEL and Western blotting. ELISA and Western blotting showed hUC-MSCs rescued VEGF-VEGFR2-AKT pathway in emphysematous lungs. Conclusions: The findings show that hUC-MSCs effectively repair the emphysema injury. This study provides the first evidence that hUC-MSCs inhibit apoptosis via rescuing VEGF- VEGFR2-AKT pathway in a rat model of emphysema.

Overexpression of sonic hedgehog enhances the osteogenesis in rat ectomesenchymal stem cells.

Ectoderm-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) were used as potential seed cells for bone tissue engineering to treat bone defects due to their capability of rapid proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling was reported to play an important role in the development of bone tissue, but its role is not understood. The present study investigated the role of Shh molecule in osteogenic differentiation of rat EMSCs in vitro. Rat EMSCs were isolated form nasal respiratory mucosa and identified with immunofluorescence and analyzed with other methods, including reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. EMSCs expressed CD90, CD105, nestin, and vimentin. On the seventh day of osteogenic induction, expression levels of Shh and Gli1 was higher according to the result of qPCR and Western blotting. After induction for 14 days, higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and more mineralized nodules were seen in comparison to the cells that did not undergo induction. Shh signaling appears to enhance osteogenic differentiation of rat EMSCs, suggesting that Shh signaling directs the lineage differentiation of ectodermal stem cells and represents a promising strategy for skeletal tissue regeneration.

A comprehensive analysis of different gene classes in pancreatic cancer: SIGLEC15 may be a promising immunotherapeutic target.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal cancer types with an extremely poor diagnosis and prognosis. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the relationships between PC and different gene classes. METHODS: Numerous genes from different categories were selected from the UALCAN database. Expression and survival analysis of these genes were performed via GEPIA, starBase and Kaplan-Meier Plotter tools. The correlations between PC-related genes and frequently mutated genes in PC as well as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) infiltration levels were explored by TIMER tool. The associations between PC-related genes, immune checkpoints and 182 core cancer-intrinsic CTLs-evasion genes were analyzed by R software. Besides, KEGG analysis were performed for the PC-related genes. RESULTS: 14 genes were identified to be highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and significantly associated with poor prognosis. Besides, high expression of these genes were observed in patients with KRAS or TP53 mutations. Most genes were significantly positively associated with immune checkpoint SIGLEC15, however, showed negative relations to PDCD1, CTLA4, LAG3, TIGIT, PDCD1LG2. In addition, all 14 genes exhibited close relationships with MDSC infiltration levels and various core cancer-intrinsic CTLs-evasion genes, especially DNTTIP1, FADD, ARF6, BCL2L1, CEP55, GALE, PDCD6IP, and RCE1. We also explored the most related pathways with these genes to further reveal the pathogenesis and metastatic mechanisms of PC. CONCLUSION: Our study analyzed the relationships between 14 PC-related genes and pancreatic cancer from different angles, which may contribute to a better understanding of unsolved mystery in PC.

Identification of Gene Loci That Overlap Between Mental Disorders and Poor Prognosis of Cancers.

Background: Co-morbid psychiatric disorders are common in patients with cancers, which make the treatment more difficult. Studying the connection between mental disease-related genes and the prognosis of cancers may potentially lead to novel therapeutic methods. Method: All mental disorders genes were selected from published articles. The correlations between the expression of these genes and the prognosis of different cancers were analyzed by starBase v2.0 and TIMER. The molecular functions, reactome pathways, and interactions among diverse genes were explored via the STRING tool. Results: 239 genes were identified for further survival analysis, 5 of which were overlapping genes across at least five cancer types, including RHEBL1, PDE4B, ANKRD55, EPHB2, and GIMAP7. 146 high-expression and 157 low-expression genes were found to be correlated with the unfavorable prognosis of diverse cancer types. Tight links existed among various mental disease genes. Besides, risk genes were mostly related to the dismal outcome of low-grade glioma (LGG) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) patients. Gene Ontology (GO) and reactome pathway analysis revealed that most genes involved in various critical molecular functions and primarily related to metabolism, signal transduction, and hemostasis. Conclusions: To explore co-expression genes between mental illnesses and cancers may aid in finding preventive strategies and therapeutic methods for high-risk populations and patients with one or more diseases.

Novel MRPS9-ALK Fusion Mutation in a Lung Adenocarcinoma Patient: A Case Report.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements account for approximately 5-6% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. In this study, a case of lung adenocarcinoma harboring a novel MRPS9-ALK fusion is reported. The patient responded well to the first and second generation of ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKIs) (crizotinib then alectinib), as her imaging findings and clinical symptoms significantly improved. At last follow-up, over 21 months of overall survival (OS) has been achieved since ALK-TKI treatment. The progression-free survival (PFS) is already ten months since alectinib. The adverse effects were manageable. The case presented here provides first clinical evidence of the efficacy of ALK-TKIs in NSCLC patients with MRPS9-ALK fusion.

Molecular Targets and Associated Signaling Pathways of Jingshu Granules in Ovarian Cysts Based on Systemic Pharmacological Analysis.

BACKGROUND: More than a third of women could develop ovarian cysts during their lifetime. Jingshu granules are used for the treatment of gynecological disease of primary dysmenorrhea. However, the molecular mechanisms of Jingshu granules in ovarian cysts are still unreported. We aimed to find the active ingredients, molecular targets, and potential signaling pathways of Jingshu granules in ovarian cysts by using the systemic pharmacological analysis. METHODS: Firstly, the effect of Jingshu granules on female hormones and reproductive organs of young female rats was evaluated. Secondly, candidate pharmaceutical ingredients of Jingshu granules were retrieved from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database and analysis platform. Potential protein targets for the active ingredients in Jingshu granules were then identified according to the oral bioavailability and drug-likeness indices. Thirdly, ovarian cyst-related gene targets were screened based on different databases. Finally, enrichment analysis was used to analyze the potential biological function of intersection targets between Jingshu granules and ovarian cysts. RESULTS: In young female rats, Jingshu granules reduced the secretion of estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin and could affect the development of the uterus. This suggested that Jingshu granules played roles in hormone secretion and reproduction. From the TCMSP, a total of 1021 pharmaceutical ingredients of Jingshu granules were retrieved. After further screening, a total of 166 active ingredients and 159 protein targets of Jingshu granules were identified. In addition, 4488 gene targets of ovarian cysts were screened out. After taking the intersection, a total of 110 intersection targets were identified between potential protein targets of Jingshu granules and gene targets of ovarian cysts. In the functional analysis of 110 intersection targets, 8 signaling pathways including progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation (MAPK8 and CDK1 involved), GnRH signaling pathway (JUN involved), T cell receptor signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (MAPK1 involved), NOD-like receptor signaling pathway (TNF, IL6, and IL1B involved), p53 signaling pathway (CDK2 and CDK4 involved), VEGF signaling pathway (MAPK14 involved), and PPAR signaling pathway (PPARG involved) were obtained. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that Jingshu granules could function in patients with ovarian cysts through a number of molecular targets and signaling pathways. Our study may provide a new field into the mechanisms of Jingshu granules in ovarian cysts, from the molecular to the signaling pathway level.

Clinical characteristics and survival of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma in 11 different primary tumor sites in the United States, 1975-2016.

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have investigated extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) in a systematic way. This study is to analyze EPSCC in 11 tumor sites from different aspects in the United States (1975-2016). METHODS: In total 4397 patients diagnosed with EPSCC in 11 primary tumor locations were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The incidence of EPSCC in the last decade, and the 1, 3 and 5 year survival rates of each tumor site were also roughly calculated. Prognostic factors of EPSCC were investigated by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Statistically, the incidence of EPSCC was on the rise over the past 30 years. Of its 11 primary tumor sites, bladder was the most frequently affected while the stomach and kidney were rarely affected. Males were more susceptible to EPSCC than females. Married patients were more commonly afflicted by EPSCC, but had longer survival. Cases were most intensive in California and an increased trend had been observed. The 5 year overall survival (OS) rate ranged from 2.0% to 42.5% in patients with EPSCC in 11 tumor sites (p < .001). The OS was better for EPSCC in the breast and cervix. However, tumor sites in the colon, esophagus, pancreas, rectum and stomach were all associated with worse survival. Characteristics and prognosis of EPSCC in different tumor sites were statistically significant (p < .001). Age, gender, marital status, stage, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were equally significant factors of survival of EPSCC patients (p < .05). CONCLUSION: There was an increasing trend of EPSCC incidence. The survival of EPSCC in different tumor sites was significantly different. Tumor locations, age, gender, marital status, stage, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were all important factors of survival. This study has implications for EPSCC prevention and treatment.

FCGR1A Serves as a Novel Biomarker and Correlates With Immune Infiltration in Four Cancer Types.

BACKGROUND: FCGR1A encodes a protein that plays an important role in the immune response. The prognostic impact and immune infiltration of FCGR1A in heterogeneous cancers remain unclear. METHODS: Differential expression of FCGR1A between tumor and normal tissues and the discrepancies in overall survival (OS) among diverse cancer types were performed by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. The correlation between FCGR1A and immune cells or gene marker sets of immune infiltrates was analyzed via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and protein-to-protein interaction (PPI) network were used to explore the function and related genes of FCGR1A. The relationships among these genes were further analyzed by TIMER. RESULTS: FCGR1A is highly expressed in various cancer types. FCGR1A was significantly correlated with the OS of cervical and endocervical cancer (CESC), cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), and skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) (P < 0.05). High expression of FCGR1A meant a better prognosis besides KIRC. FCGR1A showed significant differences at different stages of KIRC and SKCM (P < 0.05). Furthermore, FCGR1A was notably associated with infiltrating levels of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in the four cancers (P < 0.05). FCGR1A also showed close relevance with different immune gene markers. The copy number variation of FCGR1A significantly influenced the abundance of immune infiltration in KIRC and SKCM. GO, KEGG analysis, and PPI network analysis revealed that FCGR1A is involved in many pathophysiological processes and was most related to FCGR3A. And this gene indicated highly significant positive correlations with FCGR1A in four cancers. CONCLUSION: FCGR1A may be a potential prognostic biomarker and related to immune infiltration levels in diverse cancers, especially in CESC, CHOL, KIRC, and SKCM. Besides, FCGR1A may be involved in the activation, regulation, or induction of immune cells and diverse physiological and pathological processes.

Genetically modified crops are superior in their nitrogen use efficiency-A meta-analysis of three major cereals.

It is currently uncertain to what extent genetic transformations of strategic crops (targeting diverse traits) have improved their N use efficiency (NUE), and what the key factors affecting their NUE are. Based on data collected from 130 publications, the effect sizes of genetic transformations and the key factors influencing NUE for three major cereal crops (rice, maize, and wheat), were investigated using a meta-analysis approach. Genetic transformations increased yield, shoot biomass, N uptake efficiency (NUpE), and partial factor productivity of N (PFPN) in the crops, but decreased shoot NUE (SNUE) and grain NUE (GNUE). Transporter genes improved yield and NUE parameters more efficiently, than did the other gene types. The effect sizes for some NUE parameters varied according to crop species and experimental conditions but did not differ between the overexpression and ectopic expression methods. Most effect sizes did not correlate with gene overexpression levels. These results indicate a promising potential of genetic transformations approaches for improving certain NUE parameters.

Production of two bacteriocins in various growth conditions produced by gram-positive bacteria isolated from chicken cecum.

Lactobacillus plantarum CLP29 and Enterococcus faecium CLE34 isolated from the cecal contents of young broiler chicks were identified based on physiological and biochemical characteristics, and identification was confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Both bacteria showed a broad range of inhibitory action against bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli and produced two peptides, plantaricin CLP29 and enterocin CLE34. Treatment with proteinase K, trypase, or benase resulted in the loss of activity of the two peptides, confirming their proteinaceous nature. The highest activity levels for both bacteria were recorded in de Man - Rogosa - Sharpe agar at pH 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0, at 37 °C. Carbon and nitrogen sources affected the antibacterial activities of the two bacteriocins in different combinations, which suggested that the antibacterial abilities of different bacteriocins produced in nutrient sources were various.